p\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 248px;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_lseek(handle, offset, whence)</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 339px;\">\n <p>Set the handle read/write position. Note that this does not modify the file. You can seek past the end of the file. This does not modify the file size.</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 248px;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_ftruncate(handle, size)</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 339px;\">\n <p>Change the file size. It can be made bigger or smaller. This does not change the handle read/write position.</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 248px;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_fstat(handle, buf)</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 339px;\">\n <p>Get file status.</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 248px;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_fchmod(handle, mode)</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 339px;\">\n <p>Change the file mode.</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 248px;\">\n <p><br />\n  </p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 339px;\">\n <p><br />\n  </p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 248px;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_read(handle, buffer, nbytes)</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 339px;\">\n <p>Read data from file at file pointer and update pointer.</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 248px;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_pread(handle, buffer, nbytes, position)</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 339px;\">\n <p>Read data from file at specified position. Does not modify file pointer</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 248px;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_write(handle, buffer, nbytes)</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 339px;\">\n <p>Write data to file at file pointer and update pointer.</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 248px;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_pread(handle, buffer, nbytes, position)</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 339px;\">\n <p>Write data to file at specified position. Does not modify file pointer</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.7 Changing file size</h2>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_truncate(path, newSize)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_ftruncate(handle, newSize)</code></p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>These change a file\'s size. Note that truncating does not just mean make the file smaller. The file can also be made larger.</p>\n<p>Yaffs does not store bytes that it does not need to. If you use truncate to make a file larger then this will not necessarily occupt more flash space.</p>\n<p>See also <code class=\"western\">yaffs_lseek()</code> too. Note that <code class=\"western\">yaffs_lseek() </code>only changes the position of the write pointer and does not impact on the file size unless the file is written.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.8 Getting/setting information about files</h2>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_chmod(path, mode)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_fchmod(handle, mode)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_access(path,amode)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_stat(path, struct yaffs_stat *buf) </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_fstat(handle, struct yaffs_stat *buf)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_lstat(path, struct yaffs_stat *buf)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_readlink(path, buf, bufsize)</code></p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>The chmod calls allow you to set different mode flags for the file. These can only be used to manipulate the permissions flags and not change the mode flags relating to the type of file.</p>\n<p><code class=\"western\">yaffs_access() </code>tests that the file can be accessed in the specified mode. This call returns zero on success and -1 is returned</p>\n<p>amode is a bitmask of the following values:</p>\n<table cellpadding=\"4\" style=\"width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<col width=\"43*\" /> <col width=\"213*\" />\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 17%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">R_OK</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm; width: 83%;\">\n <p>Check read is OK</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 17%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">W_OK</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 83%;\">\n <p>Check write is OK</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 17%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">X_OK</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 83%;\">\n <p>Check execute is OK.</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 17%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><code class=\"western\">0 (zero)</code></span></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 83%;\">\n <p>Just checks the file exists</p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n<p>These can be combined.</p>\n<p>For example:</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">if(yaffs_access(path, R_OK | W_OK) == 0)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">the file exists and can be read and written</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">if(yaffs_access(path, 0) == 0)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">the file exists</code></p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>The stat calls retrieve a yaffs_stat structure of data which is defined in yaffsfs.h. There are three versions:</p>\n<p><code class=\"western\">yaffs_fstat</code>: Takes a handle.</p>\n<p><code class=\"western\">yaffs_stat</code>: Takes a path name and follows symbolic links.</p>\n<p><code class=\"western\">yaffs_lstat</code>: Takes a path but does not follow symbolic links.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>Thus, if path is a symbolic link, <code class=\"western\">yaffs_fstat() </code>will give information on the file that the link points to while <code class=\"western\">yaffs_lstat()</code> will give information about the link itself.</p>\n<p><code class=\"western\">yaffs_readlink()</code> will read the read the link value into the buffer provided. For example:</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_symlink(“target”,”/link”); /* create a link called link to target */</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_readlink(“/link”,buffer,10); /* now buffer contains “target” */</code></p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.9 Changing the directory structure and names</h2>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_open(path, flags, mode)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_mkdir(path, mode)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_symlink(targetPath, linkPath)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_mknod(pathname, mode, dev)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_link(existingPath, newath)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_unlink(path)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_rmdir(path)</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_rename(oldPath, newPath)</code></p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>Files of various types, and their first link, are created via the <code class=\"western\">yaffs_open()</code><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif, serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal\">,</span></span></code><span style=\"font-family: Courier New, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"></span></span><code class=\"western\">yaffs_mkdir()</code><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">, </span></span><code class=\"western\">yaffs_symlink()</code> and <code class=\"western\">yaffs_mknod()</code><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-size: medium; font-size: medium;\"></span></span>functions.</p>\n<p><code class=\"western\">yaffs_link()</code> can be used to create subsequent links to files. Note that you cannot create a link to a directory.</p>\n<p><code class=\"western\">yaffs_rename()</code> allows you to rename a link. Note that renaming one link over another link is an atomic operation. That means that even if the operation is interrupted by a power failure, the result will either complete or not happen at all. If the target link is for a directory, then the rename will only work if the target directory is empty.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.10 Searching directories</h2>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_DIR *yaffs_opendir(const YCHAR *dirname) ; </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">struct yaffs_dirent *yaffs_readdir(yaffs_DIR *dirp) ; </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">void yaffs_rewinddir(yaffs_DIR *dirp) ; </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">int yaffs_closedir(yaffs_DIR *dirp) ; </code> </p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>Searching is performed by the following sequence of operations:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Open the directory for reading with <code class=\"western\">yaffs_opendir()</code>.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Iterate through the entries in the directory using <code class=\"western\">yaffs_readdir()</code>. Each read will advance the directory read position.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>You can reset to the start of the directory with <code class=\"western\">yaffs_rewinddir()</code>.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Close the directory when finished with <code class=\"western\">yaffs_closedir()</code>.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.11 Searching directories (fd interface)</h2>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">int </code><code class=\"western\">yaffs_open(const YCHAR *dirname, </code><code class=\"western\">O_RDONLY, 0</code><code class=\"western\">) ; </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">struct yaffs_dirent *yaffs_readdir_</code><code class=\"western\">fd</code><code class=\"western\">(</code><code class=\"western\">int fd</code><code class=\"western\">) ; </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">void yaffs_rewinddir_</code><code class=\"western\">fd</code><code class=\"western\">(</code><code class=\"western\">int fd</code><code class=\"western\">) ; </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">int yaffs_close(</code><code class=\"western\">int fd</code><code class=\"western\">) ; </code> </p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>This is not a POSIX interface, but provides an alternate interface for reading directories.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>Searching is performed by the following sequence of operations:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Open the directory for reading with <code class=\"western\">yaffs_open( </code><code class=\"western\">name, O_RDONLY, 0</code><code class=\"western\">)</code>.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Iterate through the entries in the directory using <code class=\"western\">yaffs_readdir_</code><code class=\"western\">fd</code><code class=\"western\">()</code>. Each read will advance the directory read position.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>You can reset to the start of the directory with <code class=\"western\">yaffs_rewinddir_</code><code class=\"western\">fd</code><code class=\"western\">()</code>.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Close the directory when finished with <code class=\"western\">yaffs_close()</code>.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.12 Mount control and similar</h2>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_mount(path) ; </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_mount2(path, readOnly); </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_unmount(path);</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_unmount2(path, int force); </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_remount(path, force, readOnly);</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_sync(path) ;</code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_format(const YCHAR *path, </code> </p>\n<p><code class=\"western\"></code> <code class=\"western\">int unmount_flag, </code> </p>\n<p><code class=\"western\"></code> <code class=\"western\">int force_unmount_flag, </code> </p>\n<p><code class=\"western\"></code> <code class=\"western\">int remount_flag) </code> </p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>A partition must be mounted to be accessed. <code class=\"western\">yaffs_mount()</code> will mount the partition for read/write access. <code class=\"western\">yaffs_mount2()</code> can be used to control whether the access is read/write or read only.</p>\n<p>A partition can be unmounted to remove it from use. <code class=\"western\">yaffs_unmount()</code> will fail if any files are in use whereas <code class=\"western\">yaffs_unmount2()</code> allows you to force the unmount even if files are open. Note that any file handles will then be broken and will no longer access the files.</p>\n<p><code class=\"western\">yaffs_remount()</code> can be used to change the access to a currently mounted partition and is equivalent to making an <code class=\"western\">unmount2()</code> call followed by a <code class=\"western\">mount2()</code> call.</p>\n<p><code class=\"western\">yaffs_sync()</code> does not change the mount status but flushes out any pending data on a partition that is mounted with write access.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Mono, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><b>yaffs_format()</b></span></span> provides a mechanism to format a device. It has various parameters.<br />\n<span style=\"font-family: Liberation Mono, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><b>unmount_flag</b></span></span>: If set, yaffs_format() will unmount the device before formatting. If this flag is not set and the device is mounted, then the format will fail with EBUSY.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Mono, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><b>force_unmount</b></span></span>: If set, then an unmount is allowed even if the device is busy (eg. files open). If not set, then yaffs_format() will fail (EBUSY) if files are open.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Mono, monospace;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><b>remount_flag</b></span></span>: If set, then the device will be remounted after the format if it was mounted.</p>\n<p>The force_unmount and remount_flag options only have meaning if unmount_flag is set.</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.13 Extended attributes (xattrt)</h2>\n<p>Extended attributes provide a mechanism to attach a limited amount of extra data to a file without actually modifying the file. Each xattribute is a named pair of name and some data. Each file can have as many xattribs as there is space for. In Yaffs, this is around chunk-size – 512 bytes. So on devices with 2kbyte chunks you can store up to 1.5kbytes of xattribute information.</p>\n<p>Although there are 12 xattr functions, there are really only four basic functions, each with 3 different flavours.</p>\n<p>The basic functions are: set an xattr, get an xattr, remove an xattribute and list the xattribute names.</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_setxattr(const char *path, const char *name, </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">const void *data, int size, int flags); </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_lsetxattr(const char *path, const char *name, </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">const void *data, int size, int flags); </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_fsetxattr(int fd, const char *name, </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">const void *data, int size, int flags); </p>\n<p>These functions are called with name being the name of the xattr, a pointer to the data and the size of the data, and flags.</p>\n<p>The flags are:</p>\n<p>XATTR_CREATE: Create a new xattr, fail with -EEXIST if the xattrib already exists.</p>\n<p>XATTR_REPLACE: Replace an existing xattr, fail with -ENOATTR if it does not exist.</p>\n<p>zero: Just create with no checks, replace if it already exists.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>Setting can fail with -ENOSPC if there is not enough space to store the xattrib.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_getxattr(const char *path, const char *name, </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">void *data, int size); </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_lgetxattr(const char *path, const char *name, </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">void *data, int size); </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_fgetxattr(int fd, const char *name, </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">void *data, int size); </p>\n<p>These get (fetch) an xattrib.</p>\n<p>If the call succeeds, the length of the retrieved xattrib is returned. This call can fail with -ENOATTR if the requested xattr does not exist or -ERANGE if the buffer was too small.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_removexattr(const char *path, const char *name); </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_lremovexattr(const char *path, const char *name); </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_fremovexattr(int fd, const char *name); </p>\n<p>These functions delete an existing xattr. If the xattr does not exist then -ENOATTR is returned.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_listxattr(const char *path, char *list, int size); </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_llistxattr(const char *path, char *list, int size); </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">int yaffs_flistxattr(int fd, char *list, int size); </p>\n<p>These functions fetch a list of the xattrib names into the list buffer. The names are NUL terminated. eg. “attrib0\\0attrib1\\0...”.</p>\n<p>The function returns the length of the list, otherwise if the list buffer is too short it returns -ERANGE.</p>\n<p>Note: If you call these functions with a list buffer size of zero, this acts as a query of the required buffer size. No data is actually transferred into the list.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>For example we might choose to add some xattribs to a media file:</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">//Set description</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">yaffs_fsetxattr(fd, “user-comment”, “I hate this song!”,18);</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">yaffs_fsetxattr(fd, “price-in-cents”, &amp;cost, sizeof(cost));</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">// Get the comment</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">yaffs_fgetxattr(fd, “user_comment”, buffer, sizeof(buffer);</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">//List the attributes in a NUL delimited list</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">yaffs_flistxattr(fd, list_buf, sizeof(list_buf));</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">// Now list_buf has user-comment\\0price-in-cents\\0</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\">yaffs_fremovexattr(fd, ”user-comment”);</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">11.14 Other</h2>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_freespace(path); </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_totalspace(path); </code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\">yaffs_inodecount(path); </code> </p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>These functions provide information on the free and total space (in bytes) for the mount that the path addresses.</p>\n<p><code class=\"western\">yaffs_inodecount()</code> returns the number of files on the mount that the path addresses.</p>\n<h1 class=\"western\" style=\"page-break-before: always\">12 Example: yaffs_readdir() and yaffs_stat()</h1>\n<p>This code snippet illustrates using <code class=\"western\">yaffs_readdir()</code> and associated functions to iterate through a directory. It also shows how to use <code class=\"western\">yaffs_lstat() </code>to get information on a file and interpret it.</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">void dump_directory(const char *dname) </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">{ </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">yaffs_DIR *d; </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">yaffs_dirent *de; </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">struct yaffs_stat s; </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">char str[100]; </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"></span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">d = yaffs_opendir(dname); </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"></span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">if(!d) { </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">printf(&quot;opendir failed\\n&quot;); </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">} else { </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">while((de = yaffs_readdir(d)) != NULL) { </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">sprintf(str,&quot;%s/%s&quot;,dname,de-&gt;d_name); </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"></span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">yaffs_lstat(str,&amp;s); </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"></span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">printf(&quot;%s inode %d length %d mode %X &quot;,</span></code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">str,s.st_ino,(int)s.st_size,s.st_mode); </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">switch(s.st_mode &amp; S_IFMT) { </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">case S_IFREG: printf(&quot;data file&quot;); break; </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">case S_IFDIR: printf(&quot;directory&quot;); break; </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">case S_IFLNK: printf(&quot;symlink --&gt;&quot;); </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">if(yaffs_readlink(str,str,100) &lt; 0) </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">printf(&quot;no alias&quot;); </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">else </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">printf(&quot;\\&quot;%s\\&quot;&quot;,str);</span></code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">break; </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">default: printf(&quot;unknown&quot;); break; </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">}</span></code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">printf(&quot;\\n&quot;); </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">if((s.st_mode &amp; S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)</span></code></p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">dump_directory_tree_worker(str); </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">} </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"></span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">yaffs_closedir(d); </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">} </span></code> </p>\n<p class=\"code-western\"><code class=\"western\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">} </span></code> </p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n</div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; 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class=\"active\">\n                  Yaffs NAND flash failure mitigation\n              </li>\n      </ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span>Yaffs NAND flash failure mitigation</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/documents/yaffs-nand-flash-failure-mitigation\" class=\"paper is-promoted full clearfix\">\n\n  \n    \n\n      <footer>\n      \n      <div class=\"author\">\n        Submitted by <span><span lang=\"\" about=\"/user/admin\" typeof=\"schema:Person\" property=\"schema:name\" datatype=\"\">Admin</span></span>\n on <span>23 July, 2012 - 1:29am</span>\n        \n      </div>\n    </footer>\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n      <div class=\"field field--name-upload field--type-file field--label-hidden field--items\">\n              <div class=\"field--item\"><span class=\"file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before\"><span class=\"file-icon\"><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></span><span class=\"file-link\"><a href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/downloads/YaffsNandFailureMitigation.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf; length=235109\" title=\"Open file in new window\" target=\"_blank\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-placement=\"bottom\">YaffsNandFailureMitigation.pdf</a></span><span class=\"file-size\">229.6 KB</span></span></div>\n          </div>\n  \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<h2>1 Purpose</h2>\n<p>The purpose of this document is to give an understanding of NAND failure modes and the measures that Yaffs takes to mitigate against these.</p>\n<p>This document is intended to be easy reading, but some very light-weight physics is required to understand the way NAND works.</p>\n<h2>2 The NAND Cell</h2>\n<p>This section explains the internal construction of a NAND device which helps to explain the way that it fails. Each NAND cell consists of a floating gate field effect transistor, described below.</p>\n<h3>2.1 Floating Gate Field Effect Transistor</h3>\n<p>A FET is the fundamental switching element used in almost all digital electronics. A FET is a a semiconductor element that conducts when a charge is applied to the gate.</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/fets.gif\" /></p>\n<p>A FET is a type of semiconductor device with a semiconducting region between the the source and drain connections, an insulating oxide and a gate region. The oxide prevents current from flowing from the gate to the oxide, but applying a voltage to the gate injects charge into the gate, creating an electric field which influences the conductive properties of the semiconductor region.</p>\n<p>In a regular FET, a conductive channel is formed between the source and drain when a suitable control voltage is applied to the gate. The current passed by the channel is dependent on the voltage (ie. the strength of the gate field). For now we will ignore analogue levels and just consider binary levels where the gate is either conducting or not. This effectively makes a switch that is controlled by the control gate.</p>\n<p>The floating gate FET is just like a regular FET except that it has an extra floating gate. This floating gate is able to trap charge between the two insulating layers. The trapped charge modifies the local electric field and thus modifies the effect of the control gate. If the floating gate has extra electrons (negative charge) then the control gate must be raised to a higher voltage to make the FET conduct.</p>\n<p>So a regular FET is conductive (on) when the control gate is high and is non-conductive (off) when the control gate is low. A floating gate FET, however, is only non-conductive (off) when the floating gate is charged and the gate is low. This gives us an output that is dependent on the floating gate and a way to read it (the gate).</p>\n<table>\n<colgroup>\n <col /> <col /> <col />\n</colgroup>\n<tbody>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Floating gate charge</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Control gate</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Source/drain channel</strong></p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Neutral(unprogrammed)</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>High</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>On (1)</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Neutral(unprogrammed)</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Low</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>On (1)</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Charged(programmed)</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>High</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>On (1)</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Charged(programmed)</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Low</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Off (0)</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><br />\n&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The tunneling oxide is insulating at low voltages but allows quantum tunneling (Fowler-Nordheim tunneling) at higher voltages. This FN-tunneling provides a mechanism to inject or remove charge from the floating gate by applying high voltages to the control gate or the body.</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/fn-tunnelling.gif\" /></p>\n<p>By applying a high positive voltage to the control gate, electrons are drawn into the floating gate, resulting in a programmed gate. Erasing is accomplished by the reverse operation which draws electrons out of the gate.</p>\n<p>So a floating gate FET is effectively a readable, programmable switch. In other words: memory!</p>\n<h3>2.2 NAND array layout</h3>\n<p>NAND flash gets its name from the way that the cells are arranged. NAND cells are arranged in chains called <em><strong>strings</strong></em>, typically 1 string per bit-position in the page n(for SLC). The length of the chain is the same as the number of pages per block. This arrangement uses far less silicon area than the NOR flash arrangement which reduces NAND cost and increases density. It does however also introduce some operational and reliability problems.</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/nand-page-select.gif\" /></p>\n<p>NAND is read by biasing the unselected pages with a high bias voltage and the selected pages with the low bias voltage. This means that the unselected cells are always on and the selected cells will be on or off according to the state of the floating gate.</p>\n<p>This means we have a matrix where:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>All unselected cells are on.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Selected unprogrammed cells are on</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Selected programmed cells are off.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>Since only one cell in a string is selected at a time, the whole string is on if the selected cell is unprogrammed and is off if the selected cell is programmed. Thus, even though the cells in a string are all in series we can still access them individually.</p>\n<p>Well, that\'s how it would work in a perfect world anyway!</p>\n<p>The string and block arrangement means that it takes quite a while ( typically a few µsec) for the voltage of the string to stabilize after the selection has been made. This stabilization time is the cause of the “access time” delay when accessing NAND flash.</p>\n<h3>3 Fault Modes</h3>\n<p>Sit back for a moment and consider everything that must come together for the NAND flash to work and all the ways things can go wrong:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Of course there can be fabrication faults where defects cause short circuits and open circuits within the chip. These types of fault apply to all chips type, not just flash.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Each cell has two oxide layers trapping the floating gate charge, one of which is semi-permeable to support tunneling. If either of these layers is too thick, the gate will be unresponsive. If they are too thin then the gate will tunnel too easily or will leak. If there are impurities in the oxide then the layers may become resistive and “leak”, thus causing the charge to change and possibly causing the state to change.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>The floating gate state can change by either gaining or losing charge. If charge is lost, then a programmed cell may become unprogrammed (a 0 changes to a 1). If charge is gained, then an unprogrammed cell can become programmed.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>In very extreme cases, a programmed cell can gain further negative charge and become over-programmed. This means that even if the high read bias voltage is applied to the control gate the FET does not become conductive. In this state, a cell will read as programmed (0) even if it is not selected. This means that the whole string will always read zero irrespective of which page is selected. This fault mode will persist until the cell is erased.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>These devices are made very cheaply. Flash parts with tens of billions of NAND cells cost only a few dollars. There is little money to spend on individual part testing.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>Extending the previous state/selection table with the over-programmed fault state, we now have:</p>\n<table>\n<colgroup>\n <col /> <col /> <col />\n</colgroup>\n<tbody>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Floating gate charge</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Control gate</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Source/drain channel</strong></p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Neutral(unprogrammed)</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>High</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>On (1)</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Neutral(unprogrammed)</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Low</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>On (1)</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Charged(programmed)</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>High</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>On (1)</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Charged(programmed)</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Low</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Off(0)</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Over-charged(over-programmed)</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>High</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Off(0)</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Over-charged(over-programmed)</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Low</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Off(0)</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2>4 Fault Mechanisms</h2>\n<p>This section explains some of the common NAND flash failure modes.</p>\n<h3>4.1 General chip fault</h3>\n<p>A NAND is a chip built with normal fabrication techniques and is thus prone to fail just like any other chip. Some of these faults can be isolated by marking faulty blocks. In some cases (eg. Damaged inter-block logic) the whole chip is discarded.</p>\n<p>Yaffs does not use the bad blocks, so they have no negative impact on the performance of the file system 9apart from a small reduction in the amount of storage available).</p>\n<h3>4.2 Oxide degradation</h3>\n<p>Every programming/erasure cycle causes some degradation of the oxide layers. Over many cycles this has a tendency to degrade the properties of the oxide layer. Excessive degradation can cause the cell to fail to erase or program, but more commonly just makes the other fault modes more prevalent.</p>\n<p>The primary mechanism of oxide degradation is that charge becomes permanently trapped within the oxide layer in a way that it is not cleared by programming and erasure. The resulting field disrupts both the FET\'s conductive channel and the effectiveness of the F-N tunneling.</p>\n<p>As a result of this field disruption, two things happen:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>The FN tunneling is disrupted which means that the programming and erasure take longer to complete. Eventually programming and erasure might fail (see Program/erase failure below).</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>The programming and erasure is far more marginal meaning that less leakage is required to corrupt a bit value (see Charge leakage below).</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>This degradation is permanent and incremental and is not cleared by erasure. This degradation is the cause of the endurance term in the NAND specification. Typical NAND flash endurance is 10,000 (MLC) to 100,000(SLC) program/erasure cycles.</p>\n<p>Endurance issues are largely minimized by wear leveling and write-path caching.</p>\n<p>Blocks that become too unreliable are retired from use.</p>\n<h3>4.3 Program/erase failure</h3>\n<p>Programming and erase operations are controlled by a built-in state machine that applies the programming/erasure voltages for a while then check whether the operation has succeeded. This is typically performed by an iterative algorithm that will time out if too many cycles are required.</p>\n<p>A failure is signaled in the chip status register when the built-in programming/erasure mechanisms fail to accomplish the programming or erasure within the maximum program/erasure time.</p>\n<p>It is important to realize that a programming failure is only checked on bits being set to a zero. If one bits are inadvertently set to zero then these are not raised as programming errors but are considered to be program disturb errors.</p>\n<p>Program/erase errors are generally the result of excessive oxide degradation.</p>\n<p>Yaffs handles programming/erasure errors as unrecoverable “hard errors”. If these are encountered then useful data is copied off the block and the whole block is permanently retired by marking the block as a bad block.</p>\n<p>These are the only failures that the NAND devices will actually identify. All other failures need to be detected in software.</p>\n<h3>4.4 Charge leakage</h3>\n<p>The oxide isolating the floating gate is not a perfect insulator and charge can escape very slowly, particularly at temperature extremes and when the oxide had been degraded by extensive use. High radiation environments can also make this worse.</p>\n<p>An effective way to handle charge leakage is to use ECC to detect and correct errors. Blocks with errors are rewritten on a fresh block allowing the data to be recreated before unrecoverable errors occur.</p>\n<h3>4.5 Program disturb</h3>\n<p>Program disturb happens when a bit is unintentionally programmed (1 to 0) during a programming operation. The affected bit can be in the same page or elsewhere in the block.</p>\n<p>Program disturb is caused by bias conditions in the flash block during programming. Even though full programming voltage is only applied to the cells being programmed, the other cells are also subject to lesser voltages and minor tunneling can occur. This effect is far less than regular programming but is more than read disturb. However, since a page is only programmed once before the block is erased, there is no multiplier effect as there is in read disturb.</p>\n<p>This condition is made worse by random programming in the block and by applying multiple partial writes to the pages.</p>\n<p>Yaffs1 only writes pages in a block in sequential order and writes pages only once, except for writing deletion markers.</p>\n<p>Yaffs2 does not write deletion markers and thus only programs pages sequentially and only once.</p>\n<p>Thus, Yaffs2 is far less likely to cause write disturb. Yaffs1 should only be used with devices that are tolerant of partial page programming.</p>\n<p>Program disturb within the same page can be corrected by verifying the page after programming.</p>\n<p>ECC provides a mechanism to correct infrequent program disturb errors.</p>\n<h3>4.6 Read disturb</h3>\n<p>Whenever a page is read, the other pages in the block are biased at a read-inhibit voltage to turn them on. While this voltage is not as high as the programming voltage, some very slight F-N tunneling can occur. With sufficient leakage the cell state may change, or the cell may become over-programmed. This effect is known as read disturb.</p>\n<p>Read disturb only impacts the pages in the block that are <em><strong>not</strong></em> <strong></strong>being read. This makes it difficult to detect in some systems. For example, consider a block where only the first page is read repeatedly. Other pages in the block may be incurring read disturb but these are happening without the effect being noticed by software. By the time the pages are eventually read, the read disturb may have caused more bit errors than the ECC is able to fix.</p>\n<p>Thankfully the problem is seldom that bad. Read disturb is very gradual. Under worst case conditions read disturb effects are expected to happen only after approximately 1 million page reads on the block for SLC flash or 100,000 page reads on the block for most MLC flash (or in other words, 10 times the endurance number).</p>\n<p>Be warned though that as process sizes shrink, read disturb is getting more problematic. Some flash parts are prone to read disturb after 20,000 page reads.</p>\n<p>The read disturb effect for a single read is far less than the write disturb effect for a single write. However, each page is only written once per block erase cycle but may be read many times. Therefore the cumulated effect of many read disturbs can cause problems.</p>\n<p>Read disturb effects are cleared by erasing the block.</p>\n<p>Various mechanisms are being implemented to correct read disturb in Yaffs, though these have not yet been implemented.</p>\n<p>The first mechanism is to count the number of page reads on each block. When a certain threshold is reached (say 50,000 reads for an MLC part), the block is rewritten and the count is zeroed.</p>\n<p>The second mechanism is to periodically read pages in the block. eg. Every 256 times a block has a page read we read an additional page to check for read disturb. If read disturb has happened then copy onto a fresh page.</p>\n<p>In addition, ECC does provide some benefit, but is insufficient on its own.</p>\n<h2>5 Decoding NAND reliability statistics</h2>\n<p>Many variables contribute to NAND reliability. These variables are inter-related in complex ways which mean that is is very difficult to try to isolate the variables from each other to fully characterize them. The major variables are:</p>\n<table>\n<colgroup>\n <col /> <col />\n</colgroup>\n<tbody>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Temperature</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Temperature impacts the performance of the materials and thus impacts the movement of charge within the NAND cells.</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Storage time</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>This is related to the cell leakage. The leakage integrates over time so the longer the cells are stored, the more it changes.</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Manufacturing variance</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Operating voltage</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Erasure/programming cycles</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>Read cycles</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2>6 MLC vs SLC</h2>\n<p>Both multi-level cell (MLC) and single-level cell (SLC) NAND cells work by trapping charge in the floating gate. By trapping different amounts of charge in the gate it is possible to modify the conductance of the string. MLC store two bits in once cell by using three threshold voltages to distinguish different cell charge levels<a href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\">1</a>.</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/nand-mlc-vs-slc-cell-voltages.gif\" /></p>\n<p>In the case of SLC, the cells are erased by the erasure state machine until the cell voltage is below V erase. Programming is accomplished by programming until the voltage exceeds Vprog. On reading, the voltage is compared with Vread.</p>\n<p>MLC programming is accomplished in the same way, except that there are multiple Vprogs and Vreads. This means that there is far less margin for error and cell disturbance is far more likely to cause state changes.</p>\n<p>For this reason, MLC is less reliable, has lower endurance numbers and lower read-disturb numbers. MLC thus requires far better ECC strategies to ensure reliable storage.</p>\n<p>But MLC is cheaper!</p>\n<h2>7 Summary</h2>\n<p>In summary, NAND flash has many failure modes but these can be corrected in software to provide a reliable storage solution. Any flash storage mechanisms that do not provide sufficient coverage of different fault modes should be considered suspect.</p>\n<table>\n<colgroup>\n <col /> <col /> <col /> <col /> <col /> <col /> <col />\n</colgroup>\n<tbody>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Chip Fault</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Degradation</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>P/E failure</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Leakage</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Write Disturb</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Read Disturb</strong></p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>NAND self check</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Block retirement</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Wear levelling</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Write Verification</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Read counting/ re-write</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Future</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Infrequent read checking</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Future</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Future</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Future</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>ECC</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n  <td>\n  <p><strong>Occasional rewrite of oldest data</strong></p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>&nbsp;</p>\n   </td>\n  <td>\n  <p>Yes</p>\n   </td>\n </tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Thus all fault mechanisms are covered by at least two corrective mechanisms (read disturb correcting features are planned).</p>\n<p><a href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\">1</a>Some MLC parts store more than 2 bits per cell, Storing n bits requires 2n levels.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n</div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; 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class=\"active\">\n                  YAFFS Robustness and Testing\n              </li>\n      </ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span>YAFFS Robustness and Testing</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/documents/yaffs-robustness-and-testing\" class=\"paper is-promoted full clearfix\">\n\n  \n    \n\n      <footer>\n      \n      <div class=\"author\">\n        Submitted by <span><span lang=\"\" about=\"/user/charles-manning\" typeof=\"schema:Person\" property=\"schema:name\" datatype=\"\">Charles Manning</span></span>\n on <span>8 June, 2012 - 2:35am</span>\n        \n      </div>\n    </footer>\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n      <div class=\"field field--name-upload field--type-file field--label-hidden field--items\">\n              <div class=\"field--item\"><span class=\"file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before\"><span class=\"file-icon\"><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></span><span class=\"file-link\"><a href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/downloads/YaffsRobustnessAndTesting.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf; length=143414\" title=\"Open file in new window\" target=\"_blank\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-placement=\"bottom\">YaffsRobustnessAndTesting.pdf</a></span><span class=\"file-size\">140.05 KB</span></span></div>\n          </div>\n  \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p>Many embedded systems need to store critical data, making reliable file systems an important part of modern embedded system design. That robustness is not achieved through chance. Robustness is only achieved through design and extensive testing to verify that the file system functions correctly and is resistant to power failure.</p>\n<p>This document describes some of the important design criteria and design features used to achieve a robust design.</p>\n<p style=\"page-break-before: always\"></p>\n<h1 class=\"western\">1 Background</h1>\n<p>Cheaper CPUs and flash have driven up embedded system functionality. These increased functions often require file system storage.</p>\n<p>The original flash file storage mechanisms were the use of a flash translation layer (FTL) – a driver model which makes flash memory appear as a disk drive – in conjunction with a disk-oriented file system such as FAT. This storage methodology has various performance and robustness limitations, leading to the development of file systems designed specifically for flash memory. These are known as flash file systems.</p>\n<p>Flash memory has various limitations when compared with a disk. For example, flash memory pages cannot be individually re-written but instead the whole block must be erased and rewritten with the modified page. Typical FTL achieve this with various logical to physical mapping schemes. Thus emulating disk-like behaviour on flash memory adds an extra layer of software which slows down write performance. Worse still, it adds extra state which is prone to corruption due to power failure.</p>\n<p>A typical FTL-based solution will use a file system such as FAT. FAT always stores tables in the same disk blocks and must thus change the same blocks often. Since flash memory blocks can endure a limited number of write/erasure cycles, the FTL must move the physical location of the block around to prevent the high traffic blocks from wearing out. This requires wear levelling – a further burden.</p>\n<p>Some systems try to mitigate against the performance penalties by caching a lot of data to reduce writes. While this can go some way towards reducing the apparent write time, it does make the solution prone to data loss in the event of a power failure.</p>\n<p>As well as limitations, flash memory also has certain advantages when compared to rotating media. There is no spin up time, making it more responsive. There is no read head so there is no read penalty if data is fragmented. Flash file systems can be designed to exploit these advantages.</p>\n<p>True flash file systems<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\" id=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><sup>1</sup></a>, on the other hand, are a single code body designed to take the features and limitations of flash into consideration. Flash file systems can thus be far more “flash friendly”. Well designed flash file systems will avoid using “flash unfriendly” techniques such as allocation tables and in-place rewriting.</p>\n<p>Yaffs is a flash file system, originally designed specifically for NAND flash though also used with great success on NOR flash too. Yaffs development started in 2001 when 32Mbytes of flash was considered large. Since then, Yaffs has been expanded to work properly with different flash types and far larger memory arrays (many GBytes).</p>\n<p>Yaffs was originally deployed in Linux, but was written in an OS neutral way, mainly to facilitate modular development and testing. This turned out to be useful when we had requests to port Yaffs to other operating systems. Since then, Yaffs has been used in many different products in a wide variety of applications from consumer products such as cell phones and sewing machines to aerospace, industrial and medical applications including process control, building management, communications infrastructure and many others.</p>\n<p>Yaffs is not tied to any endian ordering and has been used on a wide variety of architectures including ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, x86, some DSPs. Yaffs has been deployed using a wide variety of compilers from many different vendors.</p>\n<p>Nor is Yaffs tied to any particular operating system. Yaffs has been used with Linux, eCOS, Windows Embedded Compact (previously Windows CE), VxWorks and others.</p>\n<h1 class=\"western\">2 Flash File System considerations</h1>\n<p>There are many criteria that are important when selecting a flash file system. These are some that out customers have found to be most important:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Robustness: It really is not worth having a file system that loses or corrupts data and prevents the system from working properly. Some flash file systems are only robust when synced (flushed) after files have been written. That requires extra code, slows the system and leaves the file system in a non-deterministic state until the sync has been completed. Some file systems need to perform disk repair operations (eg. check disk) in the event of a power failure. This can add considerable time to the start up, preventing the system from being operational.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Performance: In many embedded system designs, slow read/write performance can delay tasks and cause system degradation or even failure. It is thus important that read/write performance be acceptable. Note that many flash file systems need to perform extra actions such as garbage collection. In some cases these actions can cause the file system to stall for a long time. It is thus important that these factors be taken into consideration. Performance can sometimes be improved by adding a write caching layer. These caching layers make the file system calls (write etc) proceed quickly, without actually writing the data to flash. This is a two-edged sword as data in the cache will be lost on a power failure and syncing the file system will take a long time. Thus, most flash file systems offer either speed or robustness – not both.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Proven: It is very easy for a file system vendor to provide a list of claims saying “100% power safe” or similar, but what evidence do they have to back this up? All file systems, including flash file systems, are complex bodies of software with extremely complex state. They need very significant testing to prove that they work correctly.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Portable: Software is a huge investment and it is increasingly important to be able to port the software between OSs and CPU architectures. Most flash file systems are limited to a single operating system which makes it difficult to migrate software between different platforms. In Yaffs\' case portability extends to being able to seamlessly migrate the core Yaffs code into a test framework which enhances testing.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<h1 class=\"western\">3 How Yaffs achieves robustness and performance</h1>\n<p>Yaffs was designed from the ground up specifically to work well with NAND flash. The author had already developed another flash file system, so was already familiar with the design challenges of flash.</p>\n<p>As Yaffs is not just adapting a disk-oriented file system to work with flash it is not surprising that Yaffs is very different in design to most other file systems. The key difference is that Yaffs is a log-structured. file system<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" name=\"sdfootnote2anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote2sym\" id=\"sdfootnote2anc\"><sup>2</sup></a>.</p>\n<p>In essence, a log structured file system writes file system changes as a sequential log. The log structure is particularly suitable for various reasons including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>All writes are at the end of the log. When a file is modified, there is no need to erase and rewrite a part of the flash. Changes are just appended to the log. Thus there is no need to erase and copy old data just to change some existing pages in a file. This tends to make writes much faster. There is no need to do a lot of caching to achieve performance. Data can be written to the log immediately meaning that sync time is very low. Data robustness is improved dramatically.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>There are no allocation tables or similar. This reduces the amount of data being written to the flash, and that there are no tables to corrupt.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Since all writes are to the end of the log there are no “high traffic” blocks. This means Yaffs only needs a simpler wear leveling strategy.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>In the event of a power failure, the file system state is easily re-created from the log. This means there is no need to perform disk repair operations to correct for an unclean shutdown.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>So why don\'t we see many log structured file systems for disk file systems? The answer to this is that log file systems tend to spread the writes around on the media. That is typically very problematic for mechanical storage which must physically move the read/write head from one location to another making the access time very slow. Of course that does not apply for flash memory. By designing specifically for flash, Yaffs can ignore this issue and write fast.</p>\n<p>Many flash file systems need make a compromise between robustness against performance. Thanks to the log structure, Yaffs does not need to. Yaffs can provide high performance without giving up on robustness.</p>\n<p>Those familiar with log structured file system design will know that some log structured file systems have problems with garbage collection<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" name=\"sdfootnote3anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\" id=\"sdfootnote3anc\"><sup>3</sup></a>. Garbage collection is used to clean up the log and make more free space available. Some log structured file system designs did not pay enough attention to garbage collection and can stall for a considerable time while garbage collection happens. Yaffs was designed differently. The potential impact of garbage collection was considered throughout the Yaffs design process. As a result, Yaffs has a very simple garbage collection model that allows a lot of flexibility in garbage collection scheduling. This prevents the garbage collection from making the file system unresponsive.</p>\n<p>Most file systems are developed within the context, and framework of, a single operating system. This typically makes the code difficult to explore, debug and port. Yaffs on the other hand was developed from the start inside a portable development/testing framework. Yaffs is then ported to various operating systems through the addition of glue code.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p><img src=\"data:image/png;base64,[encoded data, 38784 characters]\" width=\"552\" height=\"524\" alt=\"image\" id=\"Object1\" /> <br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>There are many benefits to this approach:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>A development framework runs in user space which provides a richer development environment than inside an OS kernel. It is much easier to attach debuggers and perform logging and create reproducible testing.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>The code is structured to be portable. That makes it relatively easy to port to a new OS or RTOS with a high level of confidence.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>There is a choice of porting interfaces allowing more flexibility to determine which porting method will be simpler. For example, the Linux wrapper accesses the Yaffs core directly while the Windows CE wrapper access the Yaffs Direct Interface<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" name=\"sdfootnote4anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote4sym\" id=\"sdfootnote4anc\"><sup>4</sup></a>.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Each different environment provides different test tools. For example, Linux provides a raft of file system test tools that do different kinds of testing to the power fail test harness. Since the vast majority of the code is in the portable Yaffs core, that code gets the advantage of all test methods combined. The many millions of Android phone users that use Yaffs-based devices are helping test the core code that is also used on a wide variety of different operating systems and a wide range of different device types.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Its Open Source status means any interested person can take a version from git and test it to make sure that it meets their needs.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<h1 class=\"western\">4 Testing</h1>\n<p>It is all very well to design software to be robust, but it needs thorough testing to build confidence in the software and in the code authors and supplier.</p>\n<p>File systems have incredibly complex state so it is not at all surprising that operating system designers find file systems some of the most challenging code to test.</p>\n<p>There is no single test methodology that can test all cases, and exhaustive state testing is impossible. The best we can do is to have a suite of test methodologies that combine to provide thorough testing.</p>\n<p>Approximately 60% of Yaffs development effort is directed towards testing and improving the test environment. We are constantly researching new methodologies.</p>\n<p>The following are descriptions of the most important test strategies used in Yaffs.</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">4.1 Power Fail Stress Testing</h2>\n<p>By far the most important consideration in Yaffs testing is that it is robust to corruptions caused by power failure. We want Yaffs to provide the basis for reliable products in typical embedded system environments.</p>\n<p>The first power fail testing was done by companies integrating Yaffs into their products. Some of these built test jigs which would automatically interrupt power while running a real hardware device. This approach is better than nothing, but has some limitations:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>It is relatively costly to set up. Flash has a limited lifetime meaning that test devices wear out with time and must be replaced.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>It is relatively slow since each cycle takes many seconds to boot, run the application for a while and then reboot.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Many, and perhaps most, of the power interruptions will happen at times when the file system is inactive and thus be wasted cycles.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>In 2008 we developed a simulated power-fail-test environment. This simulates power failures using simulated flash memory while running various consistency checks.</p>\n<p>The benefits of a software-based test harness are numerous:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>The test harness controls the point at which the simulated power failures happen. That means every test cycle counts.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>No special hardware is required.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Test loops run faster. A quad-core computer can simulate ten to twenty power failures per second. That means about a million power failure simulations per day.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>The effectiveness of the new software based testing is dramatic.. A few times we have tested some user-suggested changes that had passed a week or more of real-world power fail testing only to have problems caught by the software simulation in a matter of minutes.</p>\n<p>We regularly run the power fail simulation test over a weekend, testing millions of power fail cycles.</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">4.2 Testing the Yaffs Direct Interface API</h2>\n<p>Yaffs Direct Interface (YDI) is a POSIX-like wrapper around the Yaffs core. This provides a set of function calls, yaffs_open(), yaffs_write() and the like.</p>\n<p>Each function can return numerous error codes and has to handle numerous different parameters.</p>\n<p>Although there were already significant tests for the YDI, an extensive test harness was developed in 2010 to comprehensively test each of the error paths and generate all of the required errors.</p>\n<p>This provides a high level of confidence that the test interfaces do what they should and that POSIX-like functionality provides relatively clean porting of existing code.</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">4.3 Linux Testing</h2>\n<p>The main purpose of the Linux testing is to test the Linux wrapper code. It does, however, still exercise the Yaffs core code differently to other testing and thus adds to the test fabric.</p>\n<p>The Linux testing does not do power fail testing but instead tests other aspects such as clean shutdowns, cache integrity and write performance. This gives a useful way to assess the effects of modifications.</p>\n<p>Linux testing is done on both real hardware and on simulated hardware using the Linux mtd nand simulator.</p>\n<p>As with the Power Fail Stress Testing described above, the simulated testing is done using a scrippted environment which is typically run for a few days at a time.</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">4.4 Fuzz Testing</h2>\n<p>Fuzz testing deliberately corrupts the flash image and ensures that Yaffs still mounts. This is done to ensure that Yaffs does not crash on corrupted data.</p>\n<p>Clearly fuzz testing can corrupt the contents of individual files (that\'s its job), but the file system integrity should not be compromised. </p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">4.5 Software checking</h2>\n<p>Although code checking is not actual testing per se, it does help to verify code changes.</p>\n<p>The Yaffs code has been checked with Coverity<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" name=\"sdfootnote5anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote5sym\" id=\"sdfootnote5anc\"><sup>5</sup></a> – a market leader in code checking.</p>\n<p>We are investigating the use of KLEE and other tools.</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">4.6 Open Source Usage</h2>\n<p>Open Source usage of Yaffs opens it up to testing by the many different projects. Many of these participate in some way with the Yaffs mailing list, helping to uncover issues and generally provide feedback.</p>\n<p>Each different project uses Yaffs in a different way, meaning that a wider range of operation sequences are tested.</p>\n<h2 class=\"western\">4.7 Universities</h2>\n<p>Over its lifetime, Yaffs has been used as a teaching framework for various university course in many different counties around the world.</p>\n<p>For example, Oregon State and Utah State Universities have used Yaffs as a test bench for their post-graduate software testing courses. They essentially test the test tools by injecting errors into the Yaffs code and seeing if these are discovered by the test tools they are testing. Of course this has the side effect of running these tests over the original Yaffs code too. </p>\n<p>Those interested in test methods are encouraged to read some of the university papers in the references of this document.</p>\n<p>We expect to adopt and extend some of the Oregon State ideas and use these to extend our in-house test suite.</p>\n<h1 class=\"western\">5 Conclusions</h1>\n<p>Software development is an iterative process of design and testing. Robust software solutions are only possible with extensive testing.</p>\n<p>Embedded systems increasingly need to store data in file systems as a critical part of their operation. It is thus important to have a file system that is predictable and robust to power failure and similar interruptions.</p>\n<p>Yaffs has been designed from scratch to be robust to power failure and that robustness has been verified with a multi-pronged test strategy that is continuously being improved.</p>\n<h1 class=\"western\" style=\"page-break-before: always\">6References</h1>\n<p>Charles Manning, “How Yaffs Works”.<br />\n<a href=\"http://users.actrix.co.nz/manningc/yaffs-docs/HowYaffsWorks.pdf\">http://users.actrix.co.nz/manningc/yaffs-docs/HowYaffsWorks.pdf</a></p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>A. Groce et al, “Swarm Testing” from Oregon State University, School of EE and Computer Science and Utah State University, School of Computing, 2011.<br />\n<a href=\"http://www.ct.utah.edu/~regehr/papers/swarm12.pdf\">http://</a><a href=\"http://www.ct.utah.edu/~regehr/papers/swarm12.pdf\">www.ct.utah.edu/~regehr/papers/swarm12.pdf</a></p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p><em>Wu CH, “Efficient Initialization and Crash Recovery</em> for. <em>Log</em>-<em>based File Systems</em> over Flash Memory” from National Taiwan University, Dept of Computer Science, <span style=\"font-style: normal\">2006.<br />\nhttp://</span><cite>www.cis.nctu.edu.tw/~lpchang/papers/SAC_wu_sac06.pdf</cite></p>\n<p style=\"font-style: normal\"><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" id=\"sdfootnote1sym\">1</a>Note that flash translation layers (FTLs) are erroneously refered to as flash file systems. For example, despite the name, M-Systems TrueFFS is not a flash file system but a flash translation layer (FTL).</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote2\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" name=\"sdfootnote2sym\" href=\"#sdfootnote2anc\" id=\"sdfootnote2sym\">2</a>This document only provides a brief overview of the Yaffs architecture and design. The “How Yaffs Works” document provides an in-depth explanation of the Yaffs design and architecture.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" name=\"sdfootnote3sym\" href=\"#sdfootnote3anc\" id=\"sdfootnote3sym\">3</a>Refer to the “How Yaffs Works” document to understand the need for garbage collection and how Yaffs does garbage collection.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote4\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" name=\"sdfootnote4sym\" href=\"#sdfootnote4anc\" id=\"sdfootnote4sym\">4</a>For more information on Yaffs Direct Interface, please read the various documents on the subject.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote5\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote-western\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" name=\"sdfootnote5sym\" href=\"#sdfootnote5anc\" id=\"sdfootnote5sym\">5</a>http://www.coverity.com</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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name=\"description\" content=\"This document describes the parameters which can be modified by the developer in the different phases of applying, debugging, and routine use of Yaffs.\" />\n<meta name=\"abstract\" content=\"Yaffs (Yet Another Flash File System) is an open-source file system specifically designed to be fast, robust and suitable for embedded use with NAND and NOR Flash. 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</ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span>Yaffs Tuning</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/documents/yaffs-tuning\" class=\"paper is-promoted full clearfix\">\n\n  \n    \n\n      <footer>\n      \n      <div class=\"author\">\n        Submitted by <span><span lang=\"\" about=\"/user/admin\" typeof=\"schema:Person\" property=\"schema:name\" datatype=\"\">Admin</span></span>\n on <span>22 July, 2012 - 8:23pm</span>\n        \n      </div>\n    </footer>\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n      <div class=\"field field--name-upload field--type-file field--label-hidden field--items\">\n              <div class=\"field--item\"><span class=\"file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before\"><span class=\"file-icon\"><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></span><span class=\"file-link\"><a href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/downloads/YaffsTuning.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf; length=93667\" title=\"Open file in new window\" target=\"_blank\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-placement=\"bottom\">YaffsTuning.pdf</a></span><span class=\"file-size\">91.47 KB</span></span></div>\n          </div>\n  \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\"><p> </p>\n\n<h2>1 Yaffs Direct Configuration</h2>\n\n<p>Yaffs behaviour is dictated by compile time and run-time flags.</p>\n\n<h3>1.1 Initialisation Parameters</h3>\n\n<p>Each yaffs device is configured by a yaffs_DeviceParameterStruct structure which is part of the yaffs_DeviceStruct structure. This contains the following fields:</p>\n\n<table><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><tr><td>\n			<p>name</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>An optional name for the device</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>totalBytesPerChunk</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>The number of bytes in the data area of the flash page. If inbandTags is not set then this whole area will be used to store data and the tags will be stored in the spare area. If inbandTags is set then part of this area will be used to store tags and the rest will be used to store data.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>spareBytesPerChunk</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>The number of available bytes in the spare area of the flash page. This excludes space used by ECC, bad block markers etc.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>startBlock</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>The first block in the partition to be used. 0 for first block.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>endBlock</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>The last block in the partition to be used.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>nReservedBlocks</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Number of good blocks blocks reserved for garbage collection etc. Needs to be at least 2, but 5 would be a more typical number.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>inbandTags</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs2 only:Flag indicating whether tags should be stored in the data area. If inbandTags is set then the short Op cache must be enabled (ie nShortOpCaches must be non-zero.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>useNANDECC</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs1 only: Flag indicating whether the driver performs ECC. If this is zero then Yaffs will perform ECC.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>noTagsECC</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs2 only: Flag indicating whether the tags have ECC attached to them.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>isYaffs2</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Flag indicating if this is using the Yaffs2 mechanism. If this is not set then Yaffs1 mode of operation is provided.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>nShortOpCaches</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Number of chunks to store in the short operation cache. Zero disables caching. Typical value is 10 to 20 or so. Caching is required for inband tags.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>emptyLostAndFound</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Flag to delete all files in lost and found on mount.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>skipCheckpointRead</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs2 only: Flag to skip reading checkpoint on mount. If set then a re-scan is forced.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>skipCheckpointWrite</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs2 only: Flag to skip writing checkpoint on sync or unmount.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>refreshPeriod</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs2 only: How often Yaffs should do a block refresh. Values less than 10 disable block refreshing. Typical values would be1000.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>initialiseNAND</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Pointer to function to initialise flash driver.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>deinitialiseNAND</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Pointer to function to de-initialise flash driver</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>eraseBlockInNAND</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Pointer to function to erase a flash block</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>writeChunkToNAND</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs1 only: Pointer to function to write a chunk</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>readChunkFromNAND</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs1 only: Pointer to function to read a chunk.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>writeChunkWithTagsToNAND</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs2 only: Pointer to function to write a chunk plus tags</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>readChunkWithTagsFromNAND</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs2 only: Pointer to function to read a chunk plus tags</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>markNANDBlockBad</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs2 only: Function to mark a block bad</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>queryNANDBlock</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs2 only: Function to query a block state</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>gcControl</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Callback function that returns the garbage collector control flags. This is optional.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>removeObjectCallback</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Callback function called when an object is removed. This is set by the wrapper.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>markSuperBlockDirty</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Callback function that is called when a clean file system is first modified. This is set by the wrapper.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>disableSoftDelete</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Yaffs1 only. Debug only. Disables soft deletion if non-zero.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>useHeaderFileSize</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Debug only. Leave as zero</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>disableLazyLoading</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Debug only. Leave as zero.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>wideTnodeDisabled</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Debug only. Leave as zero.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>deferDirectoryUpdate</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Used to defer directory updates.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr></table><p> </p>\n\n<h3>1.2 Compile-time settings</h3>\n\n<p>These setting are used to apply compile-time configurations.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_ALWAYS_CHECK_CHUNK_ERASED</p>\n\n<p>Normally Yaffs checks that chunks are erased only on the first chunk write to each block. This flag allows you to force all chunks to be checked. This is slower, but is worth using when doing early debugging.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_CASE_INSENSITIVE</p>\n\n<p>When selected case insensitive name comparisons are used. Note that this will not magically change Yaffs to be case insensitive in a case sensitive OS. This needs to be set according to the OS policy. Typically this is only used in Windows CE.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_DIRECT</p>\n\n<p>Used when compiling Yaffs Direct.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_DISABLE_LAZY_LOAD</p>\n\n<p>Lazy loading is used to defer loading up object details until the objects are accessed. This makes mount time faster. This flag can disable lazy loading. Debug only.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_ECC_WRONG_ORDER</p>\n\n<p>This flag should only be used with old Linux MTD code which had a bug in the ECC byte ordering.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_NO_YAFFS1</p>\n\n<p>Used to say that only Yaffs2 operation should be compiled in. Not currently supported.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_SHORT_NAMES_IN_RAM</p>\n\n<p>Set to configure Yaffs to store short object names in RAM. This is faster, but uses up more memory.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_UNICODE</p>\n\n<p>Set to configure Yaffs to use Unicode file names (eg. With WinCE).</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_USE_OWN_SORT</p>\n\n<p>By default, Yaffs uses qsort for sorting blocks at mount scanning time. This is faster. Using this flag forces Yaffs to use a slow internal sort instead. Debug only.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_UTIL</p>\n\n<p>Used when compiling Yaffs for utilities.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_WINCE</p>\n\n<p>Set when compiling Yaffs for WinCE.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFS_YAFFS2</p>\n\n<p>Set when using Yaffs2 mode. At present this must always be set.</p>\n\n<p>CONFIG_YAFFSFS_PROVIDE_VALUES</p>\n\n<p>Used when compiling Yaffs Direct only.</p>\n\n<h3>2 Tracing mechanism</h3>\n\n<p>Yaffs has a lot of built in tracing to help debug and integrate. The tracing is controlled by yaffs_traceMask bitmask which allows various sets of tracing to be disabled or enabled at runtime.</p>\n\n<p>The trace bits are specified in the yaffs_trace.h file.</p>\n\n<p>The tracing mechanism has also been \'hijacked\' to provide a control mask for extra verification code when the YAFFS_TRACE_VERIFYxxx trace bits are selected.</p>\n\n<p>The tracing mechanism is readily integrated into the system via printf-like statements. Tracing is all done through macros which allow the strings to be converted into unicode or similar if need be.</p>\n\n<h2>3 Linux</h2>\n\n<h3>3.1 Linux compile-time flags</h3>\n\n<p>The Linux compile time flags are documented in the Kconfig file and will not be duplicated here.</p>\n\n<h3>3.2 Linux: /proc/yaffs trace adjustment</h3>\n\n<p>Under Linux, the tracing mechanism is hooked up to both the /proc/yaffs and the sys interface. The /proc/yaffs interface is very user friendly.</p>\n\n<p><code>#cat +os &gt; /proc/yaffs # Enables YAFFS_TRACE_OS<br />\n#cat -all+gc &gt; /proc/yaffs # Disables everything then enable YAFFS_TRACE_GC<br />\n#cat 0xf000 &gt; /proc/yaffs # Set trace mask to specified bitmask.</code></p>\n\n<h3>3.3 Linux: /sys/ interface</h3>\n\n<p>The Linux /sys/ interface is used by many Linux OS components to access the state of control variables. Some Yaffs variables are available via /sys/module/yaffs2/parameters/ *. Values can be read and modified using standard shell commands or from application programs.</p>\n\n<p><code># ls /sys/module/yaffs2/parameters/ yaffs_auto_checkpoint yaffs_traceMask yaffs_wr_attempts<br />\n# cat /sys/module/yaffs2/parameters/yaffs_auto_checkpoint 1<br />\n# echo \"2\" &gt; /sys/module/yaffs2/parameters/yaffs_auto_checkpoint<br />\n# cat /sys/module/yaffs2/parameters/yaffs_auto_checkpoint 2 </code></p>\n\n<p>Yaffs currently supports the following variables:</p>\n\n<p>yaffs_auto_checkpoint: Controls when checkpoints should be written.</p>\n\n<p>yaffs_traceMask: An alternative, and less user friendly,interface to modify tracing.</p>\n\n<p>yaffs_wr_attempts: The number of attempts that Yaffs will make to write a chunk.</p>\n\n<p>yaffs_gc_control: Controls the garbage collector.</p>\n\n<h3>3.4 Linux: /proc/yaffs state dumping</h3>\n\n<p>Some of the state of Yaffs mounts can be determined by reading the /proc/yaffs entry.</p>\n\n<p><code># cat /proc/yaffs<br />\ncharles@charles-laptop:/opt/y/cvs/yaffs2$ cat /proc/yaffs<br />\nYAFFS built:Mar 16 2010 11:52:25<br />\n$Id: yaffs_fs.c,v 1.101 2010-03-15 22:27:15 charles Exp $<br />\n$Id: yaffs_guts.c,v 1.119 2010-03-12 02:48:34 charles Exp $<br /><br />\nDevice 0 \"NAND simulator partition 0\" </code><br /><code>startBlock......... 0<br />\nendBlock........... 511<br />\ntotalBytesPerChunk. 2048<br />\nuseNANDECC......... 1<br />\nnoTagsECC.......... 0<br />\nisYaffs2........... 1<br />\ninbandTags......... 0<br />\nemptyLostAndFound.. 1<br />\ndisableLazyLoad.... 0<br />\nrefreshPeriod...... 10000<br />\nnShortOpCaches..... 10<br />\nnReservedBlocks.... 5<br /><br />\nnDataBytesPerChunk. 2048<br />\nchunkGroupBits..... 0<br />\nchunkGroupSize..... 1<br />\nnErasedBlocks...... 152<br />\nblocksInCheckpoint. 0<br /><br />\nnTnodesCreated..... 2300<br />\nnFreeTnodes........ 1852<br />\nnObjectsCreated.... 2300<br />\nnFreeObjects....... 1842<br />\nnFreeChunks........ 27843<br /><br />\nnPageWrites........ 65993<br />\nnPageReads......... 19631<br />\nnBlockErasures..... 1133<br />\nnGCCopies.......... 37<br />\ngarbageCollections. 161<br />\npassiveGCs......... 137<br />\nnRetriedWrites..... 0<br />\nnRetireBlocks...... 0<br />\neccFixed........... 0<br />\neccUnfixed......... 0<br />\ntagsEccFixed....... 0<br />\ntagsEccUnfixed..... 0<br />\ncacheHits.......... 44110<br />\nnDeletedFiles...... 0<br />\nnUnlinkedFiles..... 42917<br />\nrefreshCount....... 1<br />\nnBackgroudDeletions 0</code></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<h2>4 Conclusions</h2>\n\n<p>Yaffs includes many options for changing speed or memory use, with specific flags for the Yaffs Direct Interface as well as Linux. Under Linux many of the control variables can be altered using standard Linux systems.</p></div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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   </ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span>Yaffs for VxWorks</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/documents/yaffs-vxworks\" class=\"paper is-promoted full clearfix\">\n\n  \n    \n\n      <footer>\n      \n      <div class=\"author\">\n        Submitted by <span><span lang=\"\" about=\"/user/admin\" typeof=\"schema:Person\" property=\"schema:name\" datatype=\"\">Admin</span></span>\n on <span>11 January, 2016 - 3:28pm</span>\n        \n      </div>\n    </footer>\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p>The source and the definitive version of this document can be found in our git repository,&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.aleph1.co.uk/gitweb/?p=yaffs-docs;a=tree;h=f4fcbdc9da052aa926c4bc2275547ca310eebbd8;hb=9d50c62a1c24f1b9dd00ec3eb6d0bddff0aed17d\">together with other Yaffs documents</a>.</p>\n<h2>1 Background</h2>\n<p>The purpose of this document is to describe the Yaffs-for-VxWorks wrapper as well as provide sufficient information to port Yaffs to the VxWorks BSP. This document assumes a working knowledge of VxWorks.</p>\n<p>This document does not describe the inner workings of Yaffs and a study of other Yaffs documents is recommended. Documents shown below in <em>italics</em> are available at <em><a href=\"http://www.yaffs.net/documents\">http://www.yaffs.net/documents</a>...</em></p>\n<h2>2 Licensing</h2>\n<p>Yaffs was originally released for Linux under the GNU Public License (GPL). Various embedded developers soon identified that Yaffs would be ideal for their applications, but were not able to use GPL based code in their systems. Aleph One Ltd has alternative licensing arrangements to support such applications.</p>\n<p>Since VxWorks is proprietary code that is incompatible with GPL, alternative licensing arrangements must be sought to use Yaffs with VxWorks or most other embedded RTOSs.</p>\n<h2>3 What are Yaffs and Yaffs Direct Interface?</h2>\n<p>Yaffs stands for Yet Another Flash File System and was the first file system designed from the ground up for NAND flash storage.</p>\n<p>In 2002 Aleph One set out to identify file system options for using NAND Flash as a file system. Various file systems available at the time were evaluated and all were found lacking in one way or another. The need for a suitable NAND storage file system was identified and Yaffs was designed to fill that need.</p>\n<p>Although Yaffs was originally designed for NAND flash, it has been used successfully with NOR flash systems and even as a RAM file system. This allows high reliability file systems to be constructed using NOR flash, with a future migration path to NAND flash for higher density and performance.</p>\n<p>Yaffs was originally designed for use with the Linux operating system, but was designed in a very modular way. The operating-system-specific code was kept separate from the main Yaffs file system code. This allows Yaffs to be ported quite cleanly to other operating systems through operating system personality modules. One such personality module is the Yaffs Direct Interface (YDI) which allows Yaffs to be simply integrated with embedded systems, with or without an RTOS. See <a href=\"http://www.yaffs.net/documents/yaffs-direct-interface\">http://www.yaffs.net/documents/yaffs-direct-interface</a></p>\n<p>The current version is Yaffs2, which supports a wider range of NAND flash components including 2k/4k/8k or even 16k page devices and devices with multi-level cells (MLC), and produces equivalent or better performance. Yaffs2 include Yaffs1 compatibility code so Yaffs1 images still work and migration is quite simple. Yaffs1 or Yaffs2 mode of operation are simply selected by a run-time parameter.</p>\n<p>As well as providing a NAND file system, YDI also provides a RAM emulation layer to allow Yaffs to operate as a RAM file system too. While the RAM emulation is perhaps not as efficient as a dedicated RAM file system, this does allow one well proven file system to use both RAM and flash.</p>\n<p>Yaffs has been used for many products using various operating systems including Windows Embedded Compact (previously called Windows CE) and various RTOSs, including ThreadX, vXworks, pSOS to name just a few. Note that there is a native port of Yaffs to eCOS that does not use YDI. This is supported and distributed by eCocCentric.(<a href=\"http://www.ecoscentric.com/\">http://www.ecoscentric.com/</a>).</p>\n<h2>4 Why use Yaffs?</h2>\n<p>For an in depth understanding of the advantages of Yaffs, please read <em><a href=\"http://www.yaffs.net/documents/considerations-choosing-flash-file-system\">http://www.yaffs.net/documents/considerations-choosing-flash-file-system</a></em></p>\n<p>For a brief overview: Yaffs is the first, and perhaps only, file system designed specifically for NAND flash. This means that Yaffs has been designed to work around the various limitations and quirks of NAND flash, as well as exploit the various features of NAND to achieve an effective file system.</p>\n<p>Some features to consider:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Yaffs has been well proven and has been used to ship in large volumes in several products using many different operating systems, compilers and processors.</li>\n<li>Yaffs is written in portable C and is endian neutral.</li>\n<li>Yaffs provides bad block handling and ECC algorithms to handle deficiencies in NAND flash.</li>\n<li>Yaffs is a log-structured file system which makes it very robust to corruptions caused by power failures etc.</li>\n<li>Yaffs has highly optimised and predictable garbage collection strategies. This makes it high performance and very deterministic when compared with similar file systems.</li>\n<li>Yaffs has a lower memory footprint than most other log-structured flash file systems.</li>\n<li>Yaffs provides a wide range of POSIX-style file system support including directories, symbolic and hard links etc. through standard file system interface calls.</li>\n<li>Yaffs is highly configurable to work with various flash geometries, various ECC options, caching options etc.</li>\n<li>Yaffs Direct Interface is simple to integrate in a system – only a few interface functions are required.</li>\n<li>Yaffs can be used with a wide range of memory technologies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>5 What is Yaffs -for-VxWorks?</h2>\n<p>Many organizations have used Yaffs on VxWorks with just Yaffs Direct Interface (YDI). So what benefit does Yaffs-for-VxWorks offer?</p>\n<p>YDI provides a POSIX-like API, but with Yaffs specific names. For example: yaffs_open(), yaffs_read(), yaffs_close() etc.</p>\n<p>While YDI provides a solution for many systems, and is very well proven, it has one major drawback. It is not a native file system. That means:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Existing code that calls open(), read(), write() etc cannot be immediately used with YDI. The code needs to be rewritten to call the YDI functions: yaffs_open(), yaffs_read()... This porting is costly and error prone.</li>\n<li>Code written for YDI is then locked to Yaffs and makes portability/testability problems.</li>\n<li>Tools such as the VxWorks console shell cannot be used to access Yaffs files via YDI.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Yaffs-for-VxWorks fixes these limitations..</p>\n<p>Yaffs-for-VxWorks is a wrapper around YDI that plugs YDI in as a native file system (ie. Yaffs becomes a file system that is accessed no different from any of the other file systems on system. This makes it really easy to migrate existing VxWorks software, or develop new VxWorks software to get the benefits of Yaffs.</p>\n<p>Yaffs-for-VxWorks follows the VxWorks operating system model used by other VxWorks file systems, so it is easy for VxWorks developers to integrate Yaffs and integrate it with their normal workflow.</p>\n<p>As mentioned above, Yaffs-for-VxWorks is a wrapped version of YDI. That means all the testing and experience of using YDI since 2002 is incorporated into Yaffs-for-VxWorks.</p>\n<p>Yaffs is already supported in u-boot, so if you\'re using u-boot as a boot loader then there is already seamless support for Yaffs file system access between the boot loader and VxWorks.</p>\n<p>Some organizations have developed their own VxWorks wrappers for Yaffs, but using the Yaffs-for-VxWorks wrapper saves a lot of integration and testing effort.</p>\n<p>Once the Yaffs-for-VxWorks file system code is loaded into the kernel, flash devices are added using yaffs_devAdd(). They are then available in the VxWorks file system for access just like any other files in the system.</p>\n<p><img alt=\"Yaffs and VxWorks conceptual relationships\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/yaffs-vxworks.png\" /></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<h2>6 Yaffs-for-VxWorks code</h2>\n<p>Yaffs-for-VxWorks is supplied as a VxWorks Downloadable Kernel Module (DKM) project with full source code. This can then be modifies into a BSP layer or library and compiled directly into the kernel.</p>\n<p>The code comprises Yaffs Direct Interface (YDI) plus two wrapper files:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>yaffs_drv.c: This file does all the iosLib interfacing (ie. plugs Yaffs in as a VxWorks file system and plugs in the flash devices as file system devices. This file provides one externally visible function call: yaffs_devAdd() which allows Yaffs devices (ie. Flash drivers) to be plugged in.</li>\n<li>yaffx_vx_glue.c: This file provides all the OS resources that Yaffs needs from VxWorks. For example, it initialises a semaphore and does any error code routing.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In addition, if the Yaffs filesystem driver is build as a DKM, a file called yaffs_dkm.c provides the dummy DKM start() function.</p>\n<p>The code is provided as a DKM project. This includes the specification of the DEFINES needed to compile Yaffs under VxWorks. If the code is moved out of the DKM then it is important to make sure the correct DEFINES are set up.</p>\n<h2>7 Example Simulated Flash Driver</h2>\n<p>The Yaffs-for-VxWorks package provides an example Yaffs device that runs on a RAM simulator. This allows the file system to be tested in a simulation target without flash memory (eg the VxWorks simulator). This also provides an example for how to develop a flash driver and plug it in to Yaffs.</p>\n<h2>8 Example Real Time Process(RTP)</h2>\n<p>An example RTP is provided that performs some basic file system operations and demonstrates a working filesystem.</p>\n<p>This RTP uses standard file system calls (open(), read(), write()...) demonstrating that the Yaffs-for-VxWorks layer is operating as a native file system.</p>\n<h2>9 Integrating a Flash Device</h2>\n<p>Integrating a flash device is a relatively straight-forward process.</p>\n<p>The device is set up as a yaffs_device structure, which is then installed into Yaffs by calling the yaffs_devAdd() function.</p>\n<p>The NAND simulator can serve as an example for how to do this. The following snippet outlines the requirements. For a better description of the params and drv sub-structures refer to <a href=\"http://www.yaffs.net/yaffs-tuning-and-configuration\">http://www.yaffs.net/yaffs-tuning-and-configuration</a>.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><code>struct yaffs_dev *yramsim_CreateRamSim(...)<br />\n{<br />\n...<br />\n&nbsp; dev = malloc(sizeof(*dev));<br />\n...<br />\n&nbsp; /* First set everything to NULL. */<br />\n&nbsp; memset(dev, 0, sizeof(*dev));<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n&nbsp; /*&nbsp;<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;* There are three sections to the yaffs_dev structure<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;* that needs to be initialised:<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;* * The params sub-structure which are all the control<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;* parameters.<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;* * The drv sub-structure which holds the driver functions.<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;* * The context which holds a private pointer (used to hold a<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;* driver context).<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;*/<br />\n&nbsp; p = &amp;dev-&gt;param;<br />\n&nbsp; p-&gt;name = strdup(name);<br />\n&nbsp; p-&gt;start_block = start_block;<br />\n&nbsp; p-&gt;end_block = end_block;<br />\n&nbsp; p-&gt;total_bytes_per_chunk = DATA_SIZE;<br />\n&nbsp; p-&gt;spare_bytes_per_chunk= SPARE_SIZE;<br />\n&nbsp; p-&gt;chunks_per_block = PAGES_PER_BLOCK;<br />\n&nbsp; p-&gt;n_reserved_blocks = 2;<br />\n&nbsp; p-&gt;use_nand_ecc = 1;<br />\n&nbsp; p-&gt;inband_tags = 0;<br />\n&nbsp; p-&gt;is_yaffs2 = 1;<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n&nbsp; d= &amp;dev-&gt;drv;<br />\n&nbsp; d-&gt;drv_initialise_fn = yramsim_initialise;<br />\n&nbsp; d-&gt;drv_deinitialise_fn = yramsim_deinitialise;<br />\n&nbsp; d-&gt;drv_read_chunk_fn = yramsim_rd_chunk;<br />\n&nbsp; d-&gt;drv_write_chunk_fn = yramsim_wr_chunk;<br />\n&nbsp; d-&gt;drv_erase_fn = yramsim_erase;<br />\n&nbsp; d-&gt;drv_check_bad_fn = yramsim_check_block_bad;<br />\n&nbsp; d-&gt;drv_mark_bad_fn = yramsim_mark_block_bad;<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n&nbsp; dev-&gt;driver_context= (void *)sim;<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n&nbsp; return dev;<br />\n}<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\nvoid start(void)<br />\n{<br />\n&nbsp; int result;<br />\n&nbsp; struct yaffs_dev *dev;<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n&nbsp; printf(\"Yaffs RAMSIM started\\n\");<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n&nbsp; /* Create and add a RAM simulator device.<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;* To add a different sort of device, set up the device<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;* and call yaffs_devAdd.<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;*&nbsp;<br />\n&nbsp; &nbsp;*/<br />\n&nbsp; dev = yramsim_CreateRamSim(\"/yramsim\", 0, 400, 0, 399);<br />\n&nbsp; printf(\"device is %p\\n\", dev);<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n&nbsp; if (dev) {<br />\n&nbsp; result = yaffs_devAdd(dev);<br />\n&nbsp; printf(\"yaffs_devAdd() returned %d\\n\", result);<br />\n&nbsp; printf(\"yaffs RAM simulator now available in file system as %s\",<br />\n&nbsp; dev-&gt;param.name);<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n}<br />\n}</code></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<h2>10 Appendix: Running the examples on the VxWorks simulator</h2>\n<p>Once you have built the Yaffs_filesystem_driver and Yaffs_RAMSIM_device projects, you can start up Yaffs on the simulator as follows:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Start the simulator.</li>\n<li>Load the Yaffs_filesystem_driver DKM by right clicking on the Yaffs_filesystem_driver project, then selecting Run/Debug Kernel Task...</li>\n<li>Load the Yaffs_RAMSIM_device DKM by right clicking on the Yaffs_filesystem_driver project, then selecting Run/Debug Kernel Task...</li>\n</ol>\n<p>At this stage the VxWorks console should look something like:</p>\n<pre>\n _________            _________\n\n \\77777777\\          /77777777/\n\n  \\77777777\\        /77777777/\n\n   \\77777777\\      /77777777/\n\n    \\77777777\\    /77777777/\n\n     \\77777777\\   \\7777777/\n\n      \\77777777\\   \\77777/              VxWorks 7\n\n       \\77777777\\   \\777/\n\n        \\77777777\\   \\7/     Core Kernel version: 1.0.10.2\n\n         \\77777777\\   -      Build date: Oct 13 2015 12:10:53\n\n          \\77777777\\\n\n           \\7777777/         Copyright Wind River Systems, Inc.\n\n            \\77777/   -                 1984-2015\n\n             \\777/   /7\\\n\n              \\7/   /777\\\n\n               -   -------\n\n\n              Board: SIMLINUX board\n\n     OS Memory Size: 511MB\n\n   ED&amp;R Policy Mode: Deployed\n\n        Debug Agent: Started (always)\n\n    Stop Mode Agent: Not started\n\n\nLoading symbol table from charlesqcore:/home/charles/WindRiver/workspace/VIP_1/default/vxWorks.sym ...done\n\n-&gt; \n\nYaffs file system DKM started\n\nYaffs flash devices can now be added by calling yaffs_devAdd()\n\nYaffs RAMSIM started\n\ndevice is 0x8829e010\n\nAdding Yaffs device 0x8829e010 (/yramsim)\n\nyaffs_devAdd() returned 0\n\nyaffs RAM simulator now available in file system as /yramsim</pre>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>At this stage you should be able to see the yaffs file system is running:</p>\n<pre>\n-&gt; ls \"/yramsim\"\n\n/yramsim/lost+found \n\nvalue = 0 = 0x0\n\n-&gt; </pre>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>If you have built the yaffs_test project, then try running that. This should show something like:</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<pre>\nStart running Yaffs test\n\n…\n\ndump directory from pwd\n\n./lost+found inode 2 length 2048 mode 41B6 directory\n\n\nfs size: 52297728 (51072k), free 51642368 (50432k), n files 4\n\nwrite_check_test()\n\nopening a\n\nOpen of a returned 3\n\nwrite_stuff_to_file returned 100000\n\n…\n\nFinished running Yaffs test</pre>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Do a file listing &nbsp;again will show the file system state after running the test:</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<pre>\n-&gt; llr \"/yramsim\"\n\n\nListing Directory /yramsim:\n\ndrwxrwxrw-  1 0       0                 2048 Nov 25 14:07 level1/\n\n-rw-rw-rw-  1 0       0                50505 Nov 25 14:07 seek-trunc \n\n-rw-rw-rw-  1 0       0               123000 Nov 25 14:07 s \n\ndrw-rw-rw-  1 0       0                 2048 Nov 25 14:06 lost+found/\n\n\nListing Directory /yramsim/level1:\n\ndrwxrwxrw-  1 0       0                 2048 Nov 25 14:07 level2/\n\n\nListing Directory /yramsim/level1/level2:\n\ndrwxrwxrw-  1 0       0                 2048 Nov 25 14:07 level3/\n\n\nListing Directory /yramsim/level1/level2/level3:\n\ndrwxrwxrw-  1 0       0                 2048 Nov 25 14:07 level4/\n\n\nListing Directory /yramsim/level1/level2/level3/level4:\n\n\nListing Directory /yramsim/lost+found:\n\nvalue = 0 = 0x0</pre>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n</div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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class=\"visually-hidden\">Primary tabs</h2>\n  <ul class=\"tabs--primary nav nav-tabs\"><li class=\"active\"><a href=\"/documents\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents\" class=\"is-active\">Main<span class=\"visually-hidden\">(active tab)</span></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/documents/detail\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/detail\">Detail</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/documents/technical\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/technical\">Technical</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/documents/archive\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/archive\">Archive</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/documents/video\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/video\">Video</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n    </nav>\n    <div class=\"views-element-container form-group\"><div class=\"view view-yaffs-documents view-id-yaffs_documents view-display-id-page_1 js-view-dom-id-5c985c75106ad815828965c731dc33c0aac01a8229e3efba764a49ebfeb8e622\">\n  \n    \n      \n      <div class=\"view-content\">\n        <div class=\"table-responsive\">\n<table class=\"table table-hover\">\n        <thead>\n    <tr>\n                                      <th class=\"views-field views-field-title\" scope=\"col\"></th>\n                                      <th id=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\" scope=\"col\">Content</th>\n                                      <th class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" id=\"view-upload-table-column\" scope=\"col\">PDF/Attachment</th>\n          </tr>\n    </thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/yaffs-licence-sample\" hreflang=\"und\">Yaffs Licence Sample</a>While the Yaffs code is available free of charge under GNU General Public Licence, version 2, that entails the obligation to disclose Source Code for your application using Yaffs. An Aleph One Licence does not impose that obligation and so is attractive for proprietary projects. This sample Licence provides an example of the points we expect a Licence to cover.        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/yaffs-overview\" hreflang=\"und\">Yaffs Overview</a>YAFFS is a filesystem designed specifically for the characteristics of NAND flash. This page gives an overview of the project - what is available, how it works, how to use it, developer resources, and licensing options.        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/yaffs-licence-faqs\" hreflang=\"und\">Yaffs Licence FAQs</a><p>Some questions about the commercial licence for Yaffs and how we arrive at one.</p>        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/documents/faq\" hreflang=\"und\">FAQ</a><p>Common questions about Yaffs technical issues.</p>        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/licences-more-background-and-detail\" hreflang=\"und\">Licences - more background and detail</a><p>More on the details and background of Licences for Yaffs</p>        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/documents/considerations-choosing-flash-file-system\" hreflang=\"und\">Considerations in Choosing a Flash File System</a>Failures in an embedded File System in a product are much more serious to the user than failures in an office computer.&nbsp; Power failures and failures to cache data properly can be avoided by choosing a FFS specifically designed for reliability from the ground up.        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\"><span class=\"file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before\"><span class=\"file-icon\"><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></span><span class=\"file-link\"><a href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/downloads/ConsiderationsInChoosingAFlashFileSystem_0.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf; length=131376\" title=\"Open file in new window\" target=\"_blank\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-placement=\"bottom\">ConsiderationsInChoosingAFlashFileSystem.pdf</a></span><span class=\"file-size\">128.3 KB</span></span>        </td>\n          </tr>\n    </tbody>\n</table>\n  </div>\n\n    </div>\n  \n          </div>\n</div>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; 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color: \" id=\"environment-indicator\">\n  \n    </div>\n\n              <header class=\"navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top\" id=\"navbar\" role=\"banner\">\n              <div class=\"container\">\n            <div class=\"navbar-header\">\n          <div class=\"region region-navigation\">\n          <a class=\"logo navbar-btn pull-left\" href=\"/\" title=\"Home\" rel=\"home\">\n      <img src=\"/themes/custom/yaffs/logo.svg\" alt=\"Home\" />\n    </a>\n      \n  </div>\n\n                          <button type=\"button\" class=\"navbar-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#navbar-collapse\">\n            <span class=\"sr-only\">Toggle navigation</span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n          </button>\n              </div>\n\n                    <div id=\"navbar-collapse\" class=\"navbar-collapse collapse\">\n            <div class=\"region region-navigation-collapsible\">\n    <nav role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\" id=\"block-mainnavigation\">\n            <h2 class=\"sr-only\" id=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\">Main navigation</h2>\n\n      \n              <ul class=\"menu nav navbar-nav\">\n                            <li>\n        <a href=\"/\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"&lt;front&gt;\">Home</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/support\" title=\"Help for Yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/380\">Support</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/documents\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents\">Documents</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/get-yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/382\">Download</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/about-us\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/325\">About us</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/contact\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/73\">Contact</a>\n                  </li>\n        </ul>\n  \n\n\n  </nav>\n<div class=\"search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block\" data-drupal-selector=\"search-block-form\" id=\"block-searchform\" role=\"search\">\n  \n    \n      <form action=\"/search/node\" method=\"get\" id=\"search-block-form\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <div class=\"form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group\">\n      <label for=\"edit-keys\" class=\"control-label sr-only\">Search</label>\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"input-group\"><input title=\"Enter the terms you wish to search for.\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-keys\" class=\"form-search form-control\" placeholder=\"Search\" type=\"search\" id=\"edit-keys\" name=\"keys\" value=\"\" size=\"15\" maxlength=\"128\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" /><span class=\"input-group-btn\"><button type=\"submit\" value=\"Search\" class=\"button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only\" name=\"\"><span class=\"sr-only\">Search</span><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-search\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></button></span></div>\n\n  \n  \n  </div>\n<div class=\"form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-actions\" id=\"edit-actions\"></div>\n\n</form>\n\n  </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n        </div>\n                    </div>\n          </header>\n  \n  <div role=\"main\" class=\"main-container container js-quickedit-main-content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n\n            \n            \n                  <section class=\"col-sm-12\">\n\n                                      <div class=\"highlighted\">  <div class=\"region region-highlighted\">\n        <ol class=\"breadcrumb\">\n          <li >\n                  <a href=\"/features\">The best bits</a>\n              </li>\n          <li  class=\"active\">\n                  An active community...\n              </li>\n      </ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span>An active community...</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/features/active-community\" class=\"what-is-special-about-yaffs is-promoted full clearfix\">\n\n  \n    \n\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n  <div class=\"field field--name-field-icon-text field--type-string field--label-above\">\n    <div class=\"field--label\">Icon - text</div>\n              <div class=\"field--item\">fa-users</div>\n          </div>\n\n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\"><p>You can learn from the experience of people and companies who are working with Yaffs. Thousands of developers have used Yaffs successfully, and commercially-licensed Yaffs has many customers that use it repeatedly. Have a look at the mailing list - it\'s a great place to start if you have some questions.<br /><a href=\"http://stoneboat.aleph1.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/yaffs\">http://stoneboat.aleph1.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/yaffs</a></p>\n\n<p>The searchable archive of postings is at <a href=\"http://lists.aleph1.co.uk/lurker/list/yaffs.html\">http://lists.aleph1.co.uk/lurker/list/yaffs.html   </a>Or search online to see the variety of work done with Yaffs as its basis - from research papers through to skunkworks projects for testing particular concepts.</p></div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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name=\"description\" content=\"It is important for a Flash filesystem to boot fast, so boot speed was a fundamental consideration in the design of Yaffs.\" />\n<meta name=\"abstract\" content=\"Yaffs (Yet Another Flash File System) is an open-source file system specifically designed to be fast, robust and suitable for embedded use with NAND and NOR Flash. 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color: \" id=\"environment-indicator\">\n  \n    </div>\n\n              <header class=\"navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top\" id=\"navbar\" role=\"banner\">\n              <div class=\"container\">\n            <div class=\"navbar-header\">\n          <div class=\"region region-navigation\">\n          <a class=\"logo navbar-btn pull-left\" href=\"/\" title=\"Home\" rel=\"home\">\n      <img src=\"/themes/custom/yaffs/logo.svg\" alt=\"Home\" />\n    </a>\n      \n  </div>\n\n                          <button type=\"button\" class=\"navbar-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#navbar-collapse\">\n            <span class=\"sr-only\">Toggle navigation</span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n          </button>\n              </div>\n\n                    <div id=\"navbar-collapse\" class=\"navbar-collapse collapse\">\n            <div class=\"region region-navigation-collapsible\">\n    <nav role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\" id=\"block-mainnavigation\">\n            <h2 class=\"sr-only\" id=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\">Main navigation</h2>\n\n      \n              <ul class=\"menu nav navbar-nav\">\n                            <li>\n        <a href=\"/\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"&lt;front&gt;\">Home</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/support\" title=\"Help for Yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/380\">Support</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/documents\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents\">Documents</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/get-yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/382\">Download</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/about-us\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/325\">About us</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/contact\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/73\">Contact</a>\n                  </li>\n        </ul>\n  \n\n\n  </nav>\n<div class=\"search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block\" data-drupal-selector=\"search-block-form\" id=\"block-searchform\" role=\"search\">\n  \n    \n      <form action=\"/search/node\" method=\"get\" id=\"search-block-form\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <div class=\"form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group\">\n      <label for=\"edit-keys\" class=\"control-label sr-only\">Search</label>\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"input-group\"><input title=\"Enter the terms you wish to search for.\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-keys\" class=\"form-search form-control\" placeholder=\"Search\" type=\"search\" id=\"edit-keys\" name=\"keys\" value=\"\" size=\"15\" maxlength=\"128\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" /><span class=\"input-group-btn\"><button type=\"submit\" value=\"Search\" class=\"button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only\" name=\"\"><span class=\"sr-only\">Search</span><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-search\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></button></span></div>\n\n  \n  \n  </div>\n<div class=\"form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-actions\" id=\"edit-actions\"></div>\n\n</form>\n\n  </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n        </div>\n                    </div>\n          </header>\n  \n  <div role=\"main\" class=\"main-container container js-quickedit-main-content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n\n            \n            \n                  <section class=\"col-sm-12\">\n\n                                      <div class=\"highlighted\">  <div class=\"region region-highlighted\">\n        <ol class=\"breadcrumb\">\n          <li >\n                  <a href=\"/features\">The best bits</a>\n              </li>\n          <li  class=\"active\">\n                  Booting is fast...\n              </li>\n      </ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span>Booting is fast...</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/features/booting-fast\" class=\"what-is-special-about-yaffs is-promoted full clearfix\">\n\n  \n    \n\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n  <div class=\"field field--name-field-icon-text field--type-string field--label-above\">\n    <div class=\"field--label\">Icon - text</div>\n              <div class=\"field--item\">fa-space-shuttle</div>\n          </div>\n\n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\"><p>Being quick to boot was one of the fundamental requirements in Yaffs\' design. Boot-time scanning to build the file structure lists should require just one pass reading NAND memory.</p></div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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try before you buy... | Yaffs - A Flash File System for embedded use</title>\n    <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/sites/default/files/css/css_YGKHk3qOgVcGqV_6s_kZUGJkGYQEouHb462Ja18qfRA.css?ovtedh\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/sites/default/files/css/css_6qeLA6GBkZNPHWp9GdQIYovV3tYuKU-ts-HicZ-WeQQ.css?ovtedh\" media=\"all\" />\n\n    \n<!--[if lte IE 8]>\n<script src=\"/sites/default/files/js/js_VtafjXmRvoUgAzqzYTA3Wrjkx9wcWhjP0G4ZnnqRamA.js\"></script>\n<![endif]-->\n\n  </head>\n  <body class=\"fontyourface path-node page-node-type-what-is-special-about-yaffs navbar-is-fixed-top has-glyphicons\">\n    <a href=\"#main-content\" class=\"visually-hidden focusable skip-link\">\n      Skip to main content\n    </a>\n    <div style=\"background-color: ; color: \" id=\"environment-indicator\">\n  \n    </div>\n\n              <header class=\"navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top\" id=\"navbar\" role=\"banner\">\n              <div class=\"container\">\n            <div class=\"navbar-header\">\n          <div class=\"region region-navigation\">\n          <a class=\"logo navbar-btn pull-left\" href=\"/\" title=\"Home\" rel=\"home\">\n      <img src=\"/themes/custom/yaffs/logo.svg\" alt=\"Home\" />\n    </a>\n      \n  </div>\n\n                          <button type=\"button\" class=\"navbar-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#navbar-collapse\">\n            <span class=\"sr-only\">Toggle navigation</span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n          </button>\n              </div>\n\n                    <div id=\"navbar-collapse\" class=\"navbar-collapse collapse\">\n            <div class=\"region region-navigation-collapsible\">\n    <nav role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\" id=\"block-mainnavigation\">\n            <h2 class=\"sr-only\" id=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\">Main navigation</h2>\n\n      \n              <ul class=\"menu nav navbar-nav\">\n                            <li>\n        <a href=\"/\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"&lt;front&gt;\">Home</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/support\" title=\"Help for Yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/380\">Support</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/documents\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents\">Documents</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/get-yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/382\">Download</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/about-us\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/325\">About us</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/contact\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/73\">Contact</a>\n                  </li>\n        </ul>\n  \n\n\n  </nav>\n<div class=\"search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block\" data-drupal-selector=\"search-block-form\" id=\"block-searchform\" role=\"search\">\n  \n    \n      <form action=\"/search/node\" method=\"get\" id=\"search-block-form\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <div class=\"form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group\">\n      <label for=\"edit-keys\" class=\"control-label sr-only\">Search</label>\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"input-group\"><input title=\"Enter the terms you wish to search for.\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-keys\" class=\"form-search form-control\" placeholder=\"Search\" type=\"search\" id=\"edit-keys\" name=\"keys\" value=\"\" size=\"15\" maxlength=\"128\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" /><span class=\"input-group-btn\"><button type=\"submit\" value=\"Search\" class=\"button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only\" name=\"\"><span class=\"sr-only\">Search</span><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-search\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></button></span></div>\n\n  \n  \n  </div>\n<div class=\"form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-actions\" id=\"edit-actions\"></div>\n\n</form>\n\n  </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n        </div>\n                    </div>\n          </header>\n  \n  <div role=\"main\" class=\"main-container container js-quickedit-main-content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n\n            \n            \n                  <section class=\"col-sm-12\">\n\n                                      <div class=\"highlighted\">  <div class=\"region region-highlighted\">\n        <ol class=\"breadcrumb\">\n          <li >\n                  <a href=\"/features\">The best bits</a>\n              </li>\n          <li  class=\"active\">\n                  For closed source projects - try before you buy...\n              </li>\n      </ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span>For closed source projects - try before you buy...</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/features/closed-source-projects-try-you-buy\" class=\"what-is-special-about-yaffs is-promoted full clearfix\">\n\n  \n    \n\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n  <div class=\"field field--name-field-icon-text field--type-string field--label-above\">\n    <div class=\"field--label\">Icon - text</div>\n              <div class=\"field--item\">fa-credit-card</div>\n          </div>\n\n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\"><p>When shopping for a software component, it\'s always useful to be able to try it out before buying.</p>\n\n<p>For your proprietary projects, the GPL version of Yaffs lets you do just that - download it, examine the code and test it out. 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color: \" id=\"environment-indicator\">\n  \n    </div>\n\n              <header class=\"navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top\" id=\"navbar\" role=\"banner\">\n              <div class=\"container\">\n            <div class=\"navbar-header\">\n          <div class=\"region region-navigation\">\n          <a class=\"logo navbar-btn pull-left\" href=\"/\" title=\"Home\" rel=\"home\">\n      <img src=\"/themes/custom/yaffs/logo.svg\" alt=\"Home\" />\n    </a>\n      \n  </div>\n\n                          <button type=\"button\" class=\"navbar-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#navbar-collapse\">\n            <span class=\"sr-only\">Toggle navigation</span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n          </button>\n              </div>\n\n                    <div id=\"navbar-collapse\" class=\"navbar-collapse collapse\">\n            <div class=\"region region-navigation-collapsible\">\n    <nav role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\" id=\"block-mainnavigation\">\n            <h2 class=\"sr-only\" id=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\">Main navigation</h2>\n\n      \n              <ul class=\"menu nav navbar-nav\">\n                            <li>\n        <a href=\"/\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"&lt;front&gt;\">Home</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/support\" title=\"Help for Yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/380\">Support</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/documents\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents\">Documents</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/get-yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/382\">Download</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/about-us\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/325\">About us</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/contact\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/73\">Contact</a>\n                  </li>\n        </ul>\n  \n\n\n  </nav>\n<div class=\"search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block\" data-drupal-selector=\"search-block-form\" id=\"block-searchform\" role=\"search\">\n  \n    \n      <form action=\"/search/node\" method=\"get\" id=\"search-block-form\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <div class=\"form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group\">\n      <label for=\"edit-keys\" class=\"control-label sr-only\">Search</label>\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"input-group\"><input title=\"Enter the terms you wish to search for.\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-keys\" class=\"form-search form-control\" placeholder=\"Search\" type=\"search\" id=\"edit-keys\" name=\"keys\" value=\"\" size=\"15\" maxlength=\"128\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" /><span class=\"input-group-btn\"><button type=\"submit\" value=\"Search\" class=\"button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only\" name=\"\"><span class=\"sr-only\">Search</span><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-search\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></button></span></div>\n\n  \n  \n  </div>\n<div class=\"form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-actions\" id=\"edit-actions\"></div>\n\n</form>\n\n  </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n        </div>\n                    </div>\n          </header>\n  \n  <div role=\"main\" class=\"main-container container js-quickedit-main-content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n\n            \n            \n                  <section class=\"col-sm-12\">\n\n                                      <div class=\"highlighted\">  <div class=\"region region-highlighted\">\n        <ol class=\"breadcrumb\">\n          <li >\n                  <a href=\"/features\">The best bits</a>\n              </li>\n          <li  class=\"active\">\n                  Cross-platform and portable...\n              </li>\n      </ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span>Cross-platform and portable...</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/features/cross-platform-and-portable\" class=\"what-is-special-about-yaffs is-promoted full clearfix\">\n\n  \n    \n\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n  <div class=\"field field--name-field-icon-text field--type-string field--label-above\">\n    <div class=\"field--label\">Icon - text</div>\n              <div class=\"field--item\">fa-truck</div>\n          </div>\n\n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\"><p>Yaffs is easy to port. It is written in C, with particular attention paid to making it portable. It\'s CPU independent, high/low bit independent (endian neutral) and doesn\'t rely on any particular operating system.  Look at the schematic in the <a href=\"/yaffs-overview\">Yaffs Overview</a> to see the relationship of the different elements.</p>\n\n<p>It\'s already been used under Linux, eCos, VxWorks, Win CE and more. </p>\n\n<p>Yaffs has been used successfully with many different 32-bit and 64-bit CPUs including MIPS, 68000, many from ARM, ColdFire, PowerPC and x86 variants. Yaffs works with 16-bit CPUs too, but this is less tested and might need some tuning, depending on compiler options. </p>\n\n<p>We\'ve found it easy to move to different processor architectures because it was designed to do this; as long as your processor is greater than 8-bit, Yaffs should run without needing much work.</p>\n\n<p>Read  <a href=\"http://www.yaffs.net/yaffs-porting-guide\">http://www.yaffs.net/yaffs-porting-guide</a> for more detail.</p></div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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