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cosmetics.<br />\n			Change use of data status byte.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>V0.2</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>28/01/02</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Added observations about inodes, file headers and hard links.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>V0.3</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>26/02/02</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>W:Added some general observations on compatibility, partitions and bootloading.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr></table><p><br />\n </p>\n\n<h2>Scope</h2>\n\n<p>The purpose of this document is to outline a potential NAND-friendly file system for Linux.</p>\n\n<h2>Background</h2>\n\n<p>There are already various flash-file systems (FFSs) or block drivers for flash (on top of which a regular FS runs). There are pros and cons with all of these.</p>\n\n<p>Flash memory has quite a few constraints which will not be addressed here. Various approaches are available to work around these constraints to provide a file system. It is important to recognise that \"flash\" includes both NOR and NAND flash which have different sets of constraints. It is easy to be mislead by the generic term \"flash\" into thinking that approaches appropriate for NOR flash are immediately suitable for NAND flash.</p>\n\n<p>The NAND block drivers (eg. SmartMedia [currently not available for Linux] and DiskOnChip NFTL) typically use FAT16 as the file system. This isn\'t too robust and nor is it that flash-friendly. These block drivers provide a logical to physical mapping layer to emulate rewritable blocks that look like disk sectors. When used with FAT16, these file systems work reasonably well. They have a low memory footprint and scale well. Like all FAT based systems they are prone to corruption (\"lost clusters etc\").</p>\n\n<p>The other approach is to design an entire file system which does not work through a block driver layer and is flash-friendly. This allows more scope to work around issues.</p>\n\n<p>Currently, two Linux file systems that support NOR flash very well are JFFS and its derivative JFFS2. Both of these are based on the principles of journaling (hence the leading J) which significantly increases robustness - a particularly important feature in embedded systems. Unfortunately neither of these file systems scale particularly well in both boot time and RAM usage. Scaling is particularly relevant when one considers that a 16MB NOR array would be considered large while a 128MB NAND is available as a single chip.</p>\n\n<p>JFFS requires a RAM-based jffs_node structure for each journalling node in the flash. Each of these nodes is 48 bytes. JFFS2 makes a significant improvement here by reducing the equivalent structure (jffs2_raw_node_ref) to 16 bytes. Still, at say an average node-size of 512 bytes, a 128MB NAND might need 250000 of these ... 4MB!</p>\n\n<p>Both JFFS and JFFS2 require scanning the flash array at boot time to find the journaling nodes and determine the file structures. Since NAND is large, slow, serially accessed and needs ECC this does not scale well and will take an unacceptably long boot time for the target systems. As a thumb-suck, the scanning of a 128MB NAND array might take approx 25 seconds.</p>\n\n<p>The intentions of the design sketched here are:</p>\n\n<ul><li>\n	<p>Be NAND-flash friendly.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Robustness through journaling strategies.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Significantly reduce the RAM overheads and boot times associated with JFFSx.</p>\n	</li>\n</ul><p>This FS is intended primarily for internal NAND rather than removable NAND (SM cards). On removable SM cards Smartmedia compatibility is likely to be important so SM/FAT will normally be used, although of course YAFFS makes a lot of sense if reliability is more important than compatibility.</p>\n\n<h2>Overview</h2>\n\n<p>Here follows a simplified overview of YAFFS.</p>\n\n<p>YAFFS uses a physical flash format similar to SmartMedia. This is done for various reasons:</p>\n\n<ul><li>\n	<p>Some of the formatting, eg placement of bad block markers is determined by the NAND manufacturers and can\'t be changed.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Potential to reuse code.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>If it ain\'t broke don\'t fix.</p>\n	</li>\n</ul><p>Some of the fields are obviously different to reflect the different usage. Despite the similarities YAFFS is not actually compatible with SM/FAT. SM cards need to be reformatted to switch from using SM/FAT to YAFFS or vice versa.</p>\n\n<p>File data is stored in fixed size \"chunks\" consistent with the size of a page (ie. 512 bytes). Each page is marked with a file id and chunk number. These tags are stored in the \"spare data\" region of the flash. The chunk number is determined by dividing the file position by the chunk size.</p>\n\n<p>When data in a file is overwritten, the relevant chunks are replaced by writing new pages to flash containing the new data but the same tags. The overwritten data is marked as \"discarded\".</p>\n\n<p>File \"headers\" are stored as a single page, marked so as to be differentiated from data pages.</p>\n\n<p>Pages are also marked with a short (2 bit) serial number that increments each time the page at this position is incremented. The reason for this is that if power loss/crash/other act of demonic forces happens before the replaced page is marked as discarded, it is possible to have two pages with the same tags. The serial number is used to arbitrate.</p>\n\n<p>A block containing only discarded pages (termed a <em>dirty block</em>) is an obvious candidate for garbage collection. Otherwise valid pages can be copied off a block thus rendering the whole block discarded and ready for garbage collection.</p>\n\n<p>In theory you don\'t need to hold the file structure in RAM... you could just scan the whole flash looking for pages when you need them. In practice though you\'d want better file access times than that! The mechanism proposed here is to have a list of __u16 page addresses associated with each file. Since there are 218 pages in a 128MB NAND, a __u16 is insufficient to uniquely identify a page but is does identify a group of 4 pages - a small enough region to search exhaustively. This mechanism is clearly expandable to larger NAND devices - within reason. The RAM overhead with this approach is approx 2 bytes per page - 512kB of RAM for a whole 128MB NAND.</p>\n\n<p>Boot-time scanning to build the file structure lists should require just one pass reading NAND. Since only the the spare data needs to be read, this should be relatively fast ( approx 3 seconds for 128MB). Improvements can be achieved by partitioning the NAND. ie. mount the critical partition first then mount the data partition afterwards.</p>\n\n<p>Various runtime improvements can be achieved by changing the \"chunk size\" to 1024 bytes or more. However this would likely reduce flash efficiency. As always, life is a compromise....</p>\n\n<p><br />\n </p>\n\n<h3>Spare area details</h3>\n\n<p>The following table summarizes the layout of the spare area of each page.</p>\n\n<p>Byte #SmartMedia usageYAFFS usage</p>\n\n<table><tr><td>\n			<p>0..511</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Data</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Data. either file data or file header depending on tags</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>512..515</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Reserved</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Tags</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>516</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Data status byte. Not used in SM code from Samsung</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Data status byte. If more than 4 bits are zero, then this page is discarded.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>517</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Block status byte</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Block status byte</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>518..519</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Block address</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Tags</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>520..522</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>ECC on second 256 bytes part of data</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>ECC on second 256 bytes of data</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>523..524</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Block address</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Tags</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>525..527</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>ECC on first 256 bytes part of data</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>ECC on first 256 bytes part of data</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr></table><p><br />\n </p>\n\n<p>The block status is a reserved value that shows whether the block is damaged.</p>\n\n<p>The data status tracks whether the page is valid. If less than 4 bits are zero, then the page is valid otherwise it is discarded.</p>\n\n<p>There are 8 bytes (64 bits) for use by YAFFS tags. This is partitioned as follows:</p>\n\n<p>Number of bitsUsage</p>\n\n<table><tr><td>\n			<p>18</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>18-bit file id. ie. Limit of 218 (over 260000) files. File id 0 is not valid and indicates a deleted page. File Id 0x3FFFF i is also not valid.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>2</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>2-bit serial number.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>20</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>20-bit page id within file. Limit of 220 pages per file. ie. over 500MB file max size. Page id 0 means the file header for this file.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>10</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>10-bit counter of the number of bytes used in the page.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>12</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>12-bit ECC on tags.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>2</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Unused. Keep as 1.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p><strong>64</strong></p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p><strong>Total</strong></p>\n			</td>\n		</tr></table><p><br />\n </p>\n\n<p>A bit of explanation on the usage of some of these fields:</p>\n\n<p>file Id is synonymous with inode.</p>\n\n<p>The serial number is incremented each time a page with the same file_id:page_id is rewritten (because of data changes or copy during garbage collection). When a page is replaced, there is a brief period during which there are two pages with the same id. The serial number resolves this. Since there should never be a difference of less than more than one, a two-bit counter is sufficient to determine which is the current page.</p>\n\n<p>When the page is rewritten, the file id, these data status byte and the 12-bit ECC are all written to zero.</p>\n\n<p>The byte counter indicates how many bytes are valid in this page. Since the page would not exist if it contains zero bytes, this field should thus hold 512 for all pages except the last page in the file. The use of counters means that the file length integrity is preserved while the file is open without having to constantly update the file length in the file header. The file header only needs to be refreshed when the file is closed (rather than whenever it is appended to). This field is wide enough to allow expansion to 1024-byte \"chunks\".</p>\n\n<p>File \"headers\" come in two flavours:</p>\n\n<ul><li>\n	<p>file info ( the mode, ower id, group id, length,...)</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>the hard link(s) that refers to the file.</p>\n	</li>\n</ul><p>A directory also appears as a file (ie. has an inode and hard link(s)) but has no data.</p>\n\n<p>The 12-bit ECC applies to only the tag data uses a similar algorithm to the 22-bit ECCs used for file system data. They are kept independent.</p>\n\n<h3>RAM data details</h3>\n\n<p>Block management details are reasonably obvious and, I feel, don\'t need to be addressed here apart from stating that there will be a structure to track block status (eg. number of pages in use, failed blocks, and which are candidates for garbage collection etc).</p>\n\n<p>The files need an indexing structure of sorts to locate and track the pages in the file. Some sort of tree structure should work rather well. The look-up needs to be quite efficient in both CPU time and space.</p>\n\n<h3>Page allocation and garbage collection</h3>\n\n<p>Pages are allocated sequentially from the currently selected block. When all the pages in the block are filled, another clean block is selected for allocation. At least two or three clean blocks are reserved for garbage collection purposes. If there are insufficient clean blocks available, then a dirty block ( ie one containing only discarded pages) is erased to free it up as a clean block. If no dirty blocks are available, then the dirtiest block is selected for garbage collection.</p>\n\n<p>Garbage collection is performed by copying the valid data pages into new data pages thus rendering all the pages in this block dirty and freeing it up for erasure. I also like the idea of selecting a block at random some small percentage of the time - thus reducing the chance of wear differences.</p>\n\n<p>Relative to NOR, NAND writes and erases very fast. Therefore garbage collection might be performed on-demand (eg. during a write) without significant degradation in performance. Alternatively garbage collection might be delegated to a kernel tasklet.</p>\n\n<p>Relative to JFFSx, the garbage collection presented here is incredibly simple - thanks mainly to the use of fixed-size pages instead of journaling nodes.</p>\n\n<h3>Flash writing</h3>\n\n<p>As presented here, YAFFS only writes to the page\'s data area once and to the spare area twice (once when new page is written and once when it gets stomped on) before an erasure. This is within the limits of the most restrictive NAND flashes.</p>\n\n<h3>Wear levelling</h3>\n\n<p>No wear levelling is explicitly used here. Instead we rely on two \"strategies\":</p>\n\n<ul><li>\n	<p>Reserving some blocks to cater for failure. You need to do this anyway with NAND. The main purpose behind wear levelling is to prevent some blocks getting more wear and failing. Since we expect, and handle, failure this is no longer as important.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>The infrequent random block selection should prevent low-wear blocks getting \"stuck\".</p>\n	</li>\n</ul><h3>Partitioning</h3>\n\n<p>Partitioning is not included in this spec, but could be added if required.</p>\n\n<h3>Bootloading</h3>\n\n<p>Bootloaders cannot just read files direct from NAND due to the high probability of bad blocks. Because YAFFS is quite simple it will be relatively straightforward for bootloaders to read from it (eg reading a kernel).</p>\n\n<h3>Conclusion</h3>\n\n<p>YAFFS is very simple. It is also NAND-friendly, is relatively frugal with resources (especially RAM) and boots quickly. Like JFFSx it has journaling which makes it far more robust than FAT.</p>\n\n<p>While it might seem high-risk to develop YAFFS, it is probably about the same amount of effort as implementing changes to JFFS to get it to work effectively within the constraints of NAND. A resulting JFFSx system would still require significant amounts of RAM and have long boot times.</p>\n\n<p>While YAFFS is indeed a new file system internally, much of the file system glue code (including inode management, link management etc) can likely be stolen from JFFSx.</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>YAFFS Development Notes</p>\n\n<h3>Build options</h3>\n\n<p>Yaffs can be built as either a kernel module (ie. a Linux file system) or as an application.</p>\n\n<p>Of course the goal is to build yaffs as a file system running on top of real NAND flash, but yaffs can be built to run on a RAM emulation layer for in-kernel testing without NAND flash in the system.</p>\n\n<p>Building as an application allows the yaffs_guts algorithms to be tested/debugged in a more friendly debugging environment. The test harness is in yaffsdev.c</p>\n\n<h3>Trying it out</h3>\n\n<p>YAFFS can be built to run with either mtd or RAM emulation, or both. The file system that interfaces to mtd is called <strong>yaffs</strong>, the file system that uses internal ram is called <strong>yaffsram</strong>. YAFFS simultaneously supports both if they are enabled.</p>\n\n<ol><li>\n	<p>Hack the Makefile and change the KERNELDIR define to your kernel directory.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>If you don\'t have mtd support in your kernel, then you might need to turn off USE_MTD otherwise the yaffs module might not load.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Type <strong>make clean; make</strong> to build yaffs</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Load yaffs as a module by typing <strong>/sbin/insmod yaffs.o</strong> (ya gotta be root!).</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Create a mount point eg. <strong>mkdir /mnt/y</strong></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>To mount the RAM emulation version of yaffs, <strong>mount -t yaffsram none /mnt/y</strong></p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Alternatively, to mount the mtd version of yaffs,<strong> mount -t yaffs /dev/mtd0 /mnt/y</strong></p>\n	</li>\n</ol><p><br />\n </p>\n\n<h3>YAFFS Data structures</h3>\n\n<p>All data types are defined in yaffs_guts.h</p>\n\n<p>Yaffs uses the following major objects:</p>\n\n<ul><li>\n	<p>yaffs_Object: A yaffs_Object can be a file, directory, symlink or hardlink. The yaffs_Objects \"know\" about their corresponding yaffs_ObjectHeader in NAND and the data for that object. yaffs_Objects also bind together the directory structure as follows:</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>parent: pointer to the yaffs_Object that is a parent of this yaffs_Object in the directory structure.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>siblings: this field is used to link together a list of all the yaffs_Objects in the same directory.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>children: if the object is a directory, then children holds the head of the list of objects in the directory.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>yaffs_Tnode: yaffs_Tnodes form a tree structure that speeds up the search for data chunks in a file. As the file grows in size, the levels increase. The Tnodes are a constant size (32 bytes). Level 0 (ie the lowest level) comprise 16 2-byte entries giving an index used to search for the chunkId. Tnodes at other levels comprise 8 4-byte pointer entries to other tnodes lower in the tree.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>yaffs_Device: this holds the device context and is in some ways analogous to the VFS superblock. It stores the data used to access the mtd as well as function pointers to access the NAND data.</p>\n	</li>\n</ul><p>The Tnodes and Objects are allocated in groups to reduce memory allocation/freeing overheads. Freed up tnodes and objects are kept in a free list and re-used.</p>\n\n<h3>yaffs_Object</h3>\n\n<p><br />\n </p>\n\n<p>struct yaffs_ObjectStruct</p>\n\n<p>{</p>\n\n<p>__u8 fake:1; // A fake object has no presence on NAND.</p>\n\n<p>__u8 renameAllowed:1; // Are we allowed to rename it?</p>\n\n<p>__u8 unlinkAllowed:1; // Are we allowed to unlink it?</p>\n\n<p>__u8 dirty:1; // the object needs to be written to flash</p>\n\n<p>__u8 valid:1; // When the file system is being loaded up, this</p>\n\n<p>// object might be created before the data</p>\n\n<p>// is available (ie. file data records appear before the header).</p>\n\n<p>__u8 serial; // serial number of chunk in NAND. Store here so we don\'t have to</p>\n\n<p>// read back the old one to update.</p>\n\n<p>__u16 sum; // sum of the name to speed searching</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>struct yaffs_DeviceStruct *myDev; // The device I\'m on</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>struct list_head hashLink; // list of objects in this hash bucket</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>struct list_head hardLinks; // all the equivalent hard linked objects</p>\n\n<p>// live on this list</p>\n\n<p>// directory structure stuff</p>\n\n<p>struct yaffs_ObjectStruct *parent; //my parent directory</p>\n\n<p>struct list_head siblings; // siblings in a directory</p>\n\n<p>// also used for linking up the free list</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>// Where\'s my data in NAND?</p>\n\n<p>int chunkId; // where it lives</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>__u32 objectId; // the object id value</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_mode; // protection</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_uid; // user ID of owner</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_gid; // group ID of owner</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_atime; // time of last access</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_mtime; // time of last modification</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_ctime; // time of last change</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>yaffs_ObjectType variantType;</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>yaffs_ObjectVariant variant;</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>};</p>\n\n<p><br />\n </p>\n\n<p>Obvious stuff skipped....</p>\n\n<p>fake, renameAllowed, unlinkAllowed are special flags for handling \"fake\" objects which live in the file system but do not live on NAND. Currently there are only two such objects: the root object and the lost+found directory. None of these may be renamed or unlinked.</p>\n\n<p>serial, sum: see yaffs_ObjectHeader.</p>\n\n<p>dirty indicates that the object\'s contents has changed and a new yaffs_ObjectHeader must be written to flash.</p>\n\n<p>valid indicates that the object has been loaded up. This is only used during scanning (yaffs_Scan()) since we can know of an object\'s existance - and thus need to create the object header - before we encounter the associated yaffs_ObjectHeader.</p>\n\n<p>hashlink is a list of Objects in the same hash bucket.</p>\n\n<p>The four variants hold extra info:</p>\n\n<p>Files hold the file size and the top level and pointer to the tnode tree for the file.</p>\n\n<p>Directories hold a list of children objects.</p>\n\n<p>Symlinks hold a pointer to the alias string. This is probably inefficient, but that probably does not matter since we don\'t expect to see many of these.</p>\n\n<p>Hardlinks hold information to identify the equivalent object.</p>\n\n<p><br />\n </p>\n\n<p><br />\n </p>\n\n<h3>File structure (tnodes)</h3>\n\n<p>File structures are done with a tiered indexing structure</p>\n\n<p><br />\n </p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" height=\"294\" src=\"yaffs/sv9349341.gif\" width=\"491\" /><br /><br />\n </p>\n\n<p>The file structure is maintained by a tree structure. Depending where it is in the tree, each tree node (<strong><em>tnode</em></strong>) (the blue/things) holds either:</p>\n\n<ul><li>\n	<p>.... if it is at the lowest level, then 16 __u16s which identify the page.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>.... if it is at a higher level (ie an internal tnode), then 8 pointers to lowest-level tnodes.</p>\n	</li>\n</ul><p>When the file starts out, it is assigned only one low-level tnode. When the file expands past what a single tnode can hold, then it is assigned a second tnode and an internal node is added to point to the two tnodes. As the file grows, more low-level tnodes and high level tnodes are added.</p>\n\n<p>Traversing the tnode tree to find a particular page in a file is quite simple: each internal tnode is selected from by using 3 bits of the page offset in the file. The level 0 page resolves 4 bits.</p>\n\n<p>For example, finding page 0x235 (ie. the one starting at file position 0x46800 would proceed as follows:</p>\n\n<p>0x235 is 0000001000110101, partitioned as follows. 000.000.100.011.0101</p>\n\n<p>LevelBitsSelected value</p>\n\n<table><tr><td>\n			<p>3 or more if they exist</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>&gt;= 10</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Zero</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>2</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>9 to 7</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>100 binary = 4</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>1</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>6 to 4</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>011 binary = 3</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>0</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>3 to 0</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>0101 binary = 5</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr></table><p><br />\n </p>\n\n<p>Free tnodes are stored in a list. When the list is exhausted, more are allocated.</p>\n\n<p>Each tnode takes 32 bytes. Each file needs at least one level 0 tnode. How many do we need? A full 16MB file system needs at least 16MB/512/16 = 2000 level zero tnodes. More for internal tnodes. More for files smaller than optimal.</p>\n\n<p>The tree grows as required. When the file is resized to a smaller size then it is pruned.</p>\n\n<p><br />\n </p>\n\n<h3>NAND data</h3>\n\n<p>Data is stored on NAND in \"chunks\". Currently each chunk is the same size as a NAND flash page (ie. 512 bytes + 16 byte spare). In the future we might decide to allow for different chunk sizes. Chunks can hold either:</p>\n\n<ul><li>\n	<p>A yaffs_ObjectHeader. This is the way a yaffs_Object gets stored on NAND.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>A chunk of file data.</p>\n	</li>\n</ul><p>The 16 byte spare area contains:</p>\n\n<ul><li>\n	<p>8 bytes of tags,</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>6 bytes of ECC data</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>1 byte block status (used to identify damaged blocks)</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>1 byte data status (currently unused).</p>\n	</li>\n</ul><p>The tags are made up as follows:</p>\n\n<p>typedef struct</p>\n\n<p>{</p>\n\n<p>unsigned chunkId:20; //chunk number in file</p>\n\n<p>unsigned serialNumber:2; //serial number for chunk</p>\n\n<p>unsigned byteCount:10; //number of bytes of data used in this chunk</p>\n\n<p>unsigned objectId:18; //the object id that this chunk belongs to.</p>\n\n<p>unsigned ecc:12; //ECC on tags</p>\n\n<p>unsigned unusedStuff:2; //unused</p>\n\n<p>} yaffs_Tags;</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>A chunkId of zero indicates that this chunk holds a yaffs_ObjectHeader. A non zero value indicates that this is a data chunk and the position of the chunk in the file (ie. the first chunk - at offset 0 - has chunkId 1). See yaffs_guts.c:yaffs_Scan () to see how this is done.</p>\n\n<p>When a chunk is replaced (eg. file details changed or a part of a file was overwritten), the new chunk is written before the old chunk is deleted. This means that we don\'t lose data if there is a power loss after the new chunk is created but before the old one is discarded, but it does mean that we can encounter the situation where we find both the old and the new chunks in flash. The serialNumber is incremented each time the chunk is written. 2 bits is sufficient to resolve any ambiguity.</p>\n\n<p>bytecount applies only to data chunks and tells how many of the data bytes are valid.</p>\n\n<p>objectId says which object this chunk belongs to.</p>\n\n<p>ecc is used to perform error correction on the tags. Another ecc field is used to error correct the data.</p>\n\n<p><br />\n </p>\n\n<h3>yaffs_ObjectHeader</h3>\n\n<p>typedef struct</p>\n\n<p>{</p>\n\n<p>yaffs_ObjectType type;</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>// Apply to everything</p>\n\n<p>int parentObjectId;</p>\n\n<p>__u16 sum; // checksum of name</p>\n\n<p>char name[YAFFS_MAX_NAME_LENGTH + 1];</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>// Thes following apply to directories, files, symlinks - not hard links</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_mode; // protection</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_uid; // user ID of owner</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_gid; // group ID of owner</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_atime; // time of last access</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_mtime; // time of last modification</p>\n\n<p>__u32 st_ctime; // time of last change</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>// File size applies to files only</p>\n\n<p>int fileSize;</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>// Equivalent object id applies to hard links only.</p>\n\n<p>int equivalentObjectId;</p>\n\n<p>// alias only applies to symlinks</p>\n\n<p>char alias[YAFFS_MAX_ALIAS_LENGTH + 1];</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>} yaffs_ObjectHeader;</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>A yaffs_ObjectHeader is stored in NAND for every yaffs_Object.</p>\n\n<p>type holds the type of yaffs_Object (file,directory,hardlink or symlink).</p>\n\n<p>parentObject is the objectId of this object\'s parent. name holds the object\'s name. Together these form the directory structure of the file system. Also worth mention is sum. This is a \"checksum\" on the name which speeds directory searching (ie. when searching the directory we only compare the name for those entries where sum matches).</p>\n\n<p>Obvious stuff skipped....</p>\n\n<p>equivalentObjectId is used by hardlinks. A hardlink to an object uses this field to specify the object that this links to. This way of doing things is a bit different than the normal Linux way of doing things (ie. keeping the links distinct from the inode) but is simpler and uses less space except for a few corner cases with hardlinks.</p>\n\n<p>alias is used by symlinks to hold the symlink alias string. This limits the size of the symlink alias. In future we should expand YAFFS to use data chunks to store aliases too long to fit into the yaffs_ObjectHeader.</p>\n\n<p><br />\n </p>\n\n<h3>NAND Interface</h3>\n\n<p>All NAND access is performed via four functions pointed to by yaffs_Device. At the moment a chunk is a page.</p>\n\n<ul><li>\n	<p>int WriteChunkToNAND(struct yaffs_DeviceStruct *dev,int chunkInNAND, const __u8 *data, yaffs_Spare *spare)</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>int ReadChunkFromNAND(struct yaffs_DeviceStruct *dev,int chunkInNAND, __u8 *data, yaffs_Spare *spare);</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>int EraseBlockInNAND(struct yaffs_DeviceStruct *dev,int blockInNAND);</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>int InitialiseNAND(struct yaffs_DeviceStruct *dev);</p>\n	</li>\n</ul><p>In the Readxxx and Writexxx functions, the data and/or spare pointers may be NULL in which case these data transfers are ignored.</p>\n\n<p>A quick note about NAND:</p>\n\n<ul><li>\n	<p>NAND is not random access, but page oriented. Thus, we do all reads &amp; writes in pages.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>Each NAND page holds 512 bytes of data and 16 \"spare\" bytes. Yaffs structures the spare area with tags used to identify what is stored in the data area. There are 32 such pages to a block.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>NAND writes will only change 1 bits to 0. eg. if a byte holds 10110011 and you write 11011010 to it you will get the logical and of the two values: 10010010. The only way to get 1s again is to erase the entire block.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>You may only write to a page a few times before erasing the entire block. Yaffs lives within these limitations. Each page only gets written to twice (once when written and once when discarded).</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>ECC is normally used with NAND to correct for single bit errors. YAFFS applies the ECC itself, so the MTD should not do this.</p>\n	</li>\n	<li>\n	<p>The current mtd interfaces are not particularly well suited to YAFFS and we will address the issue with the mtd group. (The mtd interface does not support page-oriented read/write which YAFFS would prefer).</p>\n	</li>\n</ul><p><br />\n </p>\n\n<h3>mkyaffs</h3>\n\n<p>mkyaffs is the tool to format a NAND mtd to be used for YAFFS. This is quite simple, just erase all the undamaged blocks. YAFFS treats erased blocks as free (empty) space.</p>\n\n<p><br />\n </p>\n\n<h2>Expected performance</h2>\n\n<p>The following numbers should give an indication of the performance we should expect from YAFFS.</p>\n\n<p>As an example, I\'ll use the following numbers. Since the hardware is capable of 50ns read/write, these numbers allow for some other ovberheads. Clearly though, the performance can be degraded in various ways.</p>\n\n<p>Seek10uS/page</p>\n\n<table><tr><td>\n			<p>Read</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>100nS/byte</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Write</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>100nS/byte</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Program</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>200uS/page</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Erase</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>2mS/block</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr></table><p><br />\n </p>\n\n<p>From this we can derive some higher-level numbers:</p>\n\n<p>OperationTimeCalculation</p>\n\n<table><tr><td>\n			<p>Read spare</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>12uS</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>seek + 16 * read</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Read page</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>63 uS</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>seek + 528 * read</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Write page</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>326 uS</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>seek + 528 * write + program + read page (for verification)</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Discard page</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>212 uS</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>seek + 16 * write + program</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Overwrite page</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>538 uS</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>write page + discard page</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Erase overhead per page</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>63uS</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>erase/32</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr></table><p><br />\n </p>\n\n<p>From this we can infer the following flash access times:</p>\n\n<p>OperationTimeCalculation</p>\n\n<table><tr><td>\n			<p>Read 1MB file</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>0.13s (about 7.5 MB/s)</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>2000 * read page</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Write 1MB (clean system)</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>0.53s (about 1.8 MB/s)</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>2000 * write page</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Overwrite 1MB file (no gc)</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>1.08s (about 0.9MB/s)</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>2000 * overwrite page</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Overwrite 1MB with 50% gc</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>2.4s (about 0.4 MB/s)</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>2000 * overwrite page + 2000 * page copy (== overwrite page) + 4000 * erase overhead</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Delete 1MB file</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>0.43s (about 2.2 MB/s)</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>2000 * discard page</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>Delete 1MB file with 50% gc</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>0.49s (about 2.0MB/s)</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>2000 * discard page + 1000 * erase overhead</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr></table><p> </p></div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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length=177635\" title=\"Open file in new window\" target=\"_blank\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-placement=\"bottom\">yaffs.pdf</a></span><span class=\"file-size\">173.47 KB</span></span></div>\n          </div>\n  \n            <div property=\"schema:text\" class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\"><p>Attached is a PDF with slides from the Yaffs talk at CELF\'s Embedded Linux Conference Europe 2007. If you are able to view Ogg Theora video files, the talk is also <a href=\"http://free-electrons.com/pub/video/2007/elce/elce-2007-wookey-yaffs.ogg\">online</a>. Ogg Theora is a Free video format. Free players are available for all platforms. See the list <a href=\"http://wiki.xiph.org/index.php/TheoraSoftwarePlayers\">here</a>. If in doubt, VLC is probably available for your operating system.</p>\n\n<p>If you prefer to go straight to the .pdf if clides  click <a href=\"http://www.yaffs.net/sites/yaffs.net/files/yaffs.pdf\">http://www.yaffs.net/sites/yaffs.net/files/yaffs.pdf</a></p></div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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How low is low?</p>\n<p>Calculating an exact footprint is no easy task. There are many dependencies. Here is an approximation for Yaffs1 on Linux, assuming the standard block size of 512bytes per page and 16kB per block.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Code size. This is dependent on various factors including CPU choice, optiomisation options etc. As a rough guide, the yaffs.o Linux module for x86 is around 55kBytes. This could be made smaller by stripping the debug text and ECC code if you don\'t need that. </li>\n<li>Run-time data structures. Some of these are fixed size and others are generated in runtime and change as your file structures change. As a rough guide though I will give the following:\n<ol type=\"a\">\n <li>Each yaffs partition needs a device structure of less than 1kB + approx 2-4kB stack with the current implementation. </li>\n <li>If shortOpCaches are enabled, then 524 bytes per cache entry (5 to 10 is a good number). </li>\n <li>About 120 bytes per file. (With short name caching enabled) </li>\n <li>About 4 bytes per block of NAND (ie. about 128 bytes per MB of NAND). </li>\n <li>About 4kBytes of RAM per MB of NAND for building the file TNode trees that are used to locate the data chunks. </li>\n</ol>\n </li>\n</ol>\n<p>Thus for a system using a 64MByte NAND and say 500 files you can budget on approx:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>1) 55kBytes </li>\n<li>2a) 5kB </li>\n<li>2b) 3kB (5 cache entries) </li>\n<li>2c) 60kB </li>\n<li>2d) 16kB </li>\n<li>2e) 256kB </li>\n</ul>\n<b>Total 410kBytes</b>\n<p>The last item, the tnodes, is the biggest expense in Yaffs. This can be reduced significantly by using a larger page size.</p>\n<p>There are some opportunities to tune some of these numbers so please feel free to discusss further if required.</p>\n</div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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This first-ever spaceborne all-sky transit survey will identify planets ranging from Earth-sized to gas giants, around a wide range of stellar types and orbital distances. No ground-based survey can achieve this feat.</p>\n\n<p>Some File Systems are not robust enough to be suitable for such exacting work.</p></div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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(Under the GPL, if you distribute your product with Yaffs, you are required to licence your product under the GPL and make available the full source code for a small charge.)</p>\n\n<p>Commercial Yaffs licences are non-exclusive, perpetual, world-wide, royalty-free and paid for with a single fee for one product. A commercial Licence entitles you to most further development and improvement of the Yaffs code.</p>\n\n<p>Contributing modifications of Yaffs code to the mainline code does not alter its Licence status.The base price for a Licence for a single Product is GB£10,000. Sterling.</p>\n\n<p>You can find further information about Licences in these documents:</p>\n\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://yaffs.net/yaffs-gpl\">Yaffs under GPL</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://yaffs.net/yaffs-licence-faqs\">Yaffs licensing FAQ</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://yaffs.net/licences-more-background-and-detail\">Further licensing background and detail</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://yaffs.net/yaffs-licence-sample\">Sample commercial licence</a></li>\n</ul><p>If you have any questions, or would like to buy a commercial licence, please contact us either at +44 (0)1223 811679 or email  sales@aleph1.co.uk  or see our Contacts page:-  <a href=\"http://www.aleph1.co.uk/contact\">http://www.aleph1.co.uk/contact</a></p></div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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The response on the YAFFS mailing list is quite positive as far as leading me to believe that there are actual products shipping.\"</p>\n\n<p><br />\nCharles Manning replied:<br />\nAt a technical level, it is very difficult to make X vs Y comparisons because there are many factors involved which manifest differently on different systems therefore \'your mileage will vary\'. But, as a general rule of thumb, the following might help:</p>\n\n<p>1) YAFFS uses less run-time RAM to hold its state, so YAFFS scales better than JFFS2. There are quite a few systems using large NAND arrays (the largest partitions I know of are around the 6Gbyte mark).<br /><br />\n2) YAFFS garbage collection is simpler and faster, typically making for better performance under hard writing.<br /><br />\n3) YAFFS uses a whole page per file for headers, and does not provide compression. This means that JFFS2 is probably a better fit to small partitions. The flip side is that a lot of data (eg. MP3) does not compress very well, and enabling compression really hurts performance.<br /><br />\n4) While YAFFS has been used on NOR, it does not fit very well (because YAFFS does not use erase suspend). Thus if you\'re using smaller NAND partitions and using JFFS2 on NOR, then a JFFS2-only solution is very appealing.<br /><br />\nAll the above can generally boil down to: If you\'re using less than about 64MB the pain vs gain might play in favour of JFFS2. As you increase partition size, YAFFS makes more and more sense.</p></div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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It is widely used with Linux, RTOSs, or no OS at all, in consumer devices and critical infrastructure. 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color: \" id=\"environment-indicator\">\n  \n    </div>\n\n              <header class=\"navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top\" id=\"navbar\" role=\"banner\">\n              <div class=\"container\">\n            <div class=\"navbar-header\">\n          <div class=\"region region-navigation\">\n          <a class=\"logo navbar-btn pull-left\" href=\"/\" title=\"Home\" rel=\"home\">\n      <img src=\"/themes/custom/yaffs/logo.svg\" alt=\"Home\" />\n    </a>\n      \n  </div>\n\n                          <button type=\"button\" class=\"navbar-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#navbar-collapse\">\n            <span class=\"sr-only\">Toggle navigation</span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n          </button>\n              </div>\n\n                    <div id=\"navbar-collapse\" class=\"navbar-collapse collapse\">\n            <div class=\"region region-navigation-collapsible\">\n    <nav role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\" id=\"block-mainnavigation\">\n            <h2 class=\"sr-only\" id=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\">Main navigation</h2>\n\n      \n              <ul class=\"menu nav navbar-nav\">\n                            <li>\n        <a href=\"/\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"&lt;front&gt;\">Home</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/support\" title=\"Help for Yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/380\">Support</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/documents\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents\">Documents</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/get-yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/382\">Download</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/about-us\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/325\">About us</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li class=\"active\">\n        <a href=\"/contact\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/73\" class=\"is-active\">Contact</a>\n                  </li>\n        </ul>\n  \n\n\n  </nav>\n<div class=\"search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block\" data-drupal-selector=\"search-block-form\" id=\"block-searchform\" role=\"search\">\n  \n    \n      <form action=\"/search/node\" method=\"get\" id=\"search-block-form\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <div class=\"form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group\">\n      <label for=\"edit-keys\" class=\"control-label sr-only\">Search</label>\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"input-group\"><input title=\"Enter the terms you wish to search for.\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-keys\" class=\"form-search form-control\" placeholder=\"Search\" type=\"search\" id=\"edit-keys\" name=\"keys\" value=\"\" size=\"15\" maxlength=\"128\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" /><span class=\"input-group-btn\"><button type=\"submit\" value=\"Search\" class=\"button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only\" name=\"\"><span class=\"sr-only\">Search</span><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-search\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></button></span></div>\n\n  \n  \n  </div>\n<div class=\"form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-actions\" id=\"edit-actions\"></div>\n\n</form>\n\n  </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n        </div>\n                    </div>\n          </header>\n  \n  <div role=\"main\" class=\"main-container container js-quickedit-main-content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n\n            \n            \n                  <section class=\"col-sm-12\">\n\n                                      <div class=\"highlighted\">  <div class=\"region region-highlighted\">\n      \n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span property=\"schema:name\">Contact</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/contact\" typeof=\"schema:WebPage\" class=\"page full clearfix\">\n\n  \n      <span property=\"schema:name\" content=\"Contact\" class=\"hidden\"></span>\n\n\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n            <div property=\"schema:text\" class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p><img alt=\"The Old Courthouse\" class=\"image _original\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/OldCrt.jpg\" style=\"text-align: right; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; float: right; width: 400px; height: 300px;\" title=\"The Old Courthouse\" /></p>\n<dl>\n<dt><strong style=\"text-align: left;\">Telephone</strong></dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align: left;\">+44 (0)1223 811679</dd>\n<dt style=\"text-align: left;\">&nbsp;</dt>\n<dt style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Email</strong> - <a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></dt>\n<dt style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Post</strong></dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align: left;\">The Old Courthouse<br />\n123 High Street<br />\nBottisham<br />\nCambridge<br />\nCB25 9BA<br />\nUnited Kingdom.</dd>\n</dl>\n<p style=\"text-align: -webkit-auto;\">&nbsp;</p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Public Transport - Buses</h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">You can reach us by bus from the bus station on Drummer Street in the centre of Cambridge, in 20 minutes. Buses run two or three times an hour much of the day. Click for <a href=\"http://www.stagecoachbus.com/cambridge\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Bus Times\">timetables </a> and under Bus Timetable Lookup enter 10 or 11 in the Service No. box.<br />\nLook at the map below</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">&nbsp;The Number 10 bus enters the village from the East end and passes Westwards along the High Street. Get off at the bus shelter on the South side of the High Street about 500 metres after leaving the main (A1303) road to enter the village. The Courthouse is a further 100 metres West and on the other (North) side of the road.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The Number 10 buses leave Drummer Street at the hour and half hour and take 20 minutes.<br />\n<br />\nThe Number 11 bus leaves at 15 and 45 minutes past each hour and travels along the main A1303 road to Newmarket (and them Bury St Edmunds), passing the East end of Bottisham.&nbsp; Get off at the bus shelter on the main road, and walk back past First Copy, (the former White Swan pub) on the High Street; continue about 450 metres West along the High Street towards the centre of Bottisham. The Courthouse is on the North side of the High Street.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>If coming to visit please make an appointment before setting out.</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"?q=node/323\">Click here for a page with only these maps, for printing out</a>.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This shows the location of Aleph One within Bottisham. Park in the layby on the South side of the road. We are opposite in a large building with three arched windows. There are doors on either side of the building, and you may need to try both to get a response.</p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<img alt=\"Bottisham map\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/Bottisham.jpg\" style=\"border: 0;\" title=\"Bottisham map\" border=\"0\" />\n</div>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Map below shows where we are in relation to Cambridge and the surrounding roads.</p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<img alt=\"How to get to Aleph One\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/Cambridge.jpg\" style=\"border: 0;\" title=\"How to get to Aleph One\" border=\"0\" />\n</div>\n</div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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It is available under GNU Public License, GPL, or on commercial terms from Aleph One.\" />\n<meta name=\"keywords\" content=\"flash File System, flash, file System, flash storage, NAND flash, NOR flash, Yaffs\" />\n<meta name=\"Generator\" content=\"Drupal 8 (https://www.drupal.org)\" />\n<meta name=\"MobileOptimized\" content=\"width\" />\n<meta name=\"HandheldFriendly\" content=\"true\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/fontyourface/fontsquirrel/LiberationSansRegular-fontfacekit/fontyourface-stylesheet.css\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/fontyourface/fontsquirrel/LiberationSansItalic-fontfacekit/fontyourface-stylesheet.css\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/fontyourface/fontsquirrel/LiberationSansBold-fontfacekit/fontyourface-stylesheet.css\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/fontyourface/fontsquirrel/LiberationSerifBold-fontfacekit/fontyourface-stylesheet.css\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/fontyourface/fontsquirrel/LiberationSerifBoldItalic-fontfacekit/fontyourface-stylesheet.css\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/fontyourface/fontsquirrel/LiberationSerifItalic-fontfacekit/fontyourface-stylesheet.css\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/fontyourface/fontsquirrel/LiberationSerifRegular-fontfacekit/fontyourface-stylesheet.css\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/fontyourface/fontsquirrel/LiberationSansBoldItalic-fontfacekit/fontyourface-stylesheet.css\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"/sites/default/files/yaffs_favicon.png\" type=\"image/png\" />\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"/contact\" />\n<link rel=\"shortlink\" href=\"/node/73\" />\n<link rel=\"revision\" href=\"/contact\" />\n\n    <title>Contact | Yaffs - A Flash File System for embedded use</title>\n    <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/sites/default/files/css/css_YGKHk3qOgVcGqV_6s_kZUGJkGYQEouHb462Ja18qfRA.css?ozekku\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/sites/default/files/css/css_6qeLA6GBkZNPHWp9GdQIYovV3tYuKU-ts-HicZ-WeQQ.css?ozekku\" media=\"all\" />\n\n    \n<!--[if lte IE 8]>\n<script src=\"/sites/default/files/js/js_VtafjXmRvoUgAzqzYTA3Wrjkx9wcWhjP0G4ZnnqRamA.js\"></script>\n<![endif]-->\n\n  </head>\n  <body class=\"fontyourface path-node page-node-type-page navbar-is-fixed-top has-glyphicons\">\n    <a href=\"#main-content\" class=\"visually-hidden focusable skip-link\">\n      Skip to main content\n    </a>\n    <div style=\"background-color: ; color: \" id=\"environment-indicator\">\n  \n    </div>\n\n              <header class=\"navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top\" id=\"navbar\" role=\"banner\">\n              <div class=\"container\">\n            <div class=\"navbar-header\">\n          <div class=\"region region-navigation\">\n          <a class=\"logo navbar-btn pull-left\" href=\"/\" title=\"Home\" rel=\"home\">\n      <img src=\"/themes/custom/yaffs/logo.svg\" alt=\"Home\" />\n    </a>\n      \n  </div>\n\n                          <button type=\"button\" class=\"navbar-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#navbar-collapse\">\n            <span class=\"sr-only\">Toggle navigation</span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n          </button>\n              </div>\n\n                    <div id=\"navbar-collapse\" class=\"navbar-collapse collapse\">\n            <div class=\"region region-navigation-collapsible\">\n    <nav role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\" id=\"block-mainnavigation\">\n            <h2 class=\"sr-only\" id=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\">Main navigation</h2>\n\n      \n              <ul class=\"menu nav navbar-nav\">\n                            <li>\n        <a href=\"/\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"&lt;front&gt;\">Home</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/support\" title=\"Help for Yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/380\">Support</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/documents\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents\">Documents</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/get-yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/382\">Download</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/about-us\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/325\">About us</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li class=\"active\">\n        <a href=\"/contact\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/73\">Contact</a>\n                  </li>\n        </ul>\n  \n\n\n  </nav>\n<div class=\"search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block\" data-drupal-selector=\"search-block-form\" id=\"block-searchform\" role=\"search\">\n  \n    \n      <form action=\"/search/node\" method=\"get\" id=\"search-block-form\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <div class=\"form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group\">\n      <label for=\"edit-keys\" class=\"control-label sr-only\">Search</label>\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"input-group\"><input title=\"Enter the terms you wish to search for.\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-keys\" class=\"form-search form-control\" placeholder=\"Search\" type=\"search\" id=\"edit-keys\" name=\"keys\" value=\"\" size=\"15\" maxlength=\"128\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" /><span class=\"input-group-btn\"><button type=\"submit\" value=\"Search\" class=\"button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only\" name=\"\"><span class=\"sr-only\">Search</span><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-search\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></button></span></div>\n\n  \n  \n  </div>\n<div class=\"form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-actions\" id=\"edit-actions\"></div>\n\n</form>\n\n  </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n        </div>\n                    </div>\n          </header>\n  \n  <div role=\"main\" class=\"main-container container js-quickedit-main-content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n\n            \n            \n                  <section class=\"col-sm-12\">\n\n                                      <div class=\"highlighted\">  <div class=\"region region-highlighted\">\n      \n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span property=\"schema:name\">Contact</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/contact\" typeof=\"schema:WebPage\" class=\"page full clearfix\">\n\n  \n      <span property=\"schema:name\" content=\"Contact\" class=\"hidden\"></span>\n\n\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n            <div property=\"schema:text\" class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p><img alt=\"The Old Courthouse\" class=\"image _original\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/OldCrt.jpg\" style=\"text-align: right; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; float: right; width: 400px; height: 300px;\" title=\"The Old Courthouse\" /></p>\n<dl>\n<dt><strong style=\"text-align: left;\">Telephone</strong></dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align: left;\">+44 (0)1223 811679</dd>\n<dt style=\"text-align: left;\">&nbsp;</dt>\n<dt style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Email</strong> - <a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></dt>\n<dt style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Post</strong></dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align: left;\">The Old Courthouse<br />\n123 High Street<br />\nBottisham<br />\nCambridge<br />\nCB25 9BA<br />\nUnited Kingdom.</dd>\n</dl>\n<p style=\"text-align: -webkit-auto;\">&nbsp;</p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Public Transport - Buses</h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">You can reach us by bus from the bus station on Drummer Street in the centre of Cambridge, in 20 minutes. Buses run two or three times an hour much of the day. Click for <a href=\"http://www.stagecoachbus.com/cambridge\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Bus Times\">timetables </a> and under Bus Timetable Lookup enter 10 or 11 in the Service No. box.<br />\nLook at the map below</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">&nbsp;The Number 10 bus enters the village from the East end and passes Westwards along the High Street. Get off at the bus shelter on the South side of the High Street about 500 metres after leaving the main (A1303) road to enter the village. The Courthouse is a further 100 metres West and on the other (North) side of the road.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The Number 10 buses leave Drummer Street at the hour and half hour and take 20 minutes.<br />\n<br />\nThe Number 11 bus leaves at 15 and 45 minutes past each hour and travels along the main A1303 road to Newmarket (and them Bury St Edmunds), passing the East end of Bottisham.&nbsp; Get off at the bus shelter on the main road, and walk back past First Copy, (the former White Swan pub) on the High Street; continue about 450 metres West along the High Street towards the centre of Bottisham. The Courthouse is on the North side of the High Street.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>If coming to visit please make an appointment before setting out.</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"?q=node/323\">Click here for a page with only these maps, for printing out</a>.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This shows the location of Aleph One within Bottisham. Park in the layby on the South side of the road. We are opposite in a large building with three arched windows. There are doors on either side of the building, and you may need to try both to get a response.</p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<img alt=\"Bottisham map\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/Bottisham.jpg\" style=\"border: 0;\" title=\"Bottisham map\" border=\"0\" />\n</div>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Map below shows where we are in relation to Cambridge and the surrounding roads.</p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<img alt=\"How to get to Aleph One\" src=\"/sites/yaffs.net/files/images/Cambridge.jpg\" style=\"border: 0;\" title=\"How to get to Aleph One\" border=\"0\" />\n</div>\n</div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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GMT\";}s:4:\"etag\";a:1:{i:0;s:12:\"\"1516806442\"\";}s:4:\"vary\";a:1:{i:0;s:6:\"Cookie\";}s:11:\"x-generator\";a:1:{i:0;s:33:\"Drupal 8 (https://www.drupal.org)\";}}s:15:\"\0*\0cacheControl\";a:2:{s:7:\"max-age\";s:3:\"300\";s:6:\"public\";b:1;}}s:10:\"\0*\0content\";s:21560:\"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html  lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" prefix=\"content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/  dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/  foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/  og: http://ogp.me/ns#  rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#  schema: http://schema.org/  sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#  sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#  skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#  xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# \">\n  <head>\n    <meta charset=\"utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"title\" content=\"Documents - Archive | Yaffs - A Flash File System for embedded use\" />\n<meta name=\"news_keywords\" content=\"Flash File System\" />\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yaffs (Yet Another Flash File System) is an open-source file system specifically designed to be fast, robust and suitable for embedded use with NAND and NOR Flash. 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Archive\n              </li>\n      </ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\">Documents - Archive</h1>\n\n      <nav class=\"tabs\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Tabs\">\n        <h2 class=\"visually-hidden\">Primary tabs</h2>\n  <ul class=\"tabs--primary nav nav-tabs\"><li><a href=\"/documents\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents\">Main</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/documents/detail\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/detail\">Detail</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/documents/technical\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/technical\">Technical</a></li>\n<li class=\"active\"><a href=\"/documents/archive\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/archive\" class=\"is-active\">Archive<span class=\"visually-hidden\">(active tab)</span></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/documents/video\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/video\">Video</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n    </nav>\n    <div class=\"views-element-container form-group\"><div class=\"view view-yaffs-documents view-id-yaffs_documents view-display-id-page_4 js-view-dom-id-a971dc3991ce0f6d4952f672ace85150446f2df15cdce60c34e4c1afda214f44\">\n  \n    \n      \n      <div class=\"view-content\">\n        <div class=\"table-responsive\">\n<table class=\"table table-hover\">\n        <thead>\n    <tr>\n                                      <th class=\"views-field views-field-title\" scope=\"col\"></th>\n                                      <th id=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\" scope=\"col\">Content</th>\n                                      <th class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" id=\"view-upload-table-column\" scope=\"col\">PDF/Attachment</th>\n          </tr>\n    </thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/archives/yaffs-original-specification\" hreflang=\"und\">Yaffs Original Specification</a>The initial specification for Yaffs. Circa 2002. Details of the filing system, including short backgrounder. Read this if you want to know what it is, what it does and how it works. This specification does not cover Yaffs2.        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/archives/yaffs-development-notes\" hreflang=\"und\">Yaffs (Yaffs1) Development Notes</a>\n<p>Notes on how to use Yaffs (Yaffs1) and some details of the internal structures - useful if you want to mess with the code. This document is included in the Yaffs1 download.</p>\n        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/archives/howto-incorporate-yaffs-linux\" hreflang=\"und\">HOWTO incorporate YAFFS in Linux</a>Simple HOWTO for getting started with YAFFS and using it as a root filesystem. If you just want the <i>quick start</i> info - read this.        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/archive/jffs2-and-nand-study\" hreflang=\"und\">JFFS2 and NAND study</a>Discussion of the characteristics of NAND and NOR flash and how those interact with JFFS2 to produce significant boot-time delays and high RAM consumption, especially with large flash chips.        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/archives/state-nand-mtd-driver-start-project\" hreflang=\"und\">State of NAND MTD driver at start of project</a>\n<p>Details of Dec 2001 state of nand driver, and overview of how drivers fit together for use with different hardware and filesystems. Not really intended for public consumption, but a useful backgrounder and explanation of the evolution of YAFFS.</p>\n        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/archives/yaffs-history\" hreflang=\"und\">Yaffs History</a>\n<p>A chronology and list of milestones in Yaffs development.</p>\n        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/archives/fuel-embedded-database-use-yaffs\" hreflang=\"und\">FUEL Embedded Database for use with YAFFS</a>\n<p>YAFFS and the new FUEL Database from ITTIA work together. ITTIA has released the first beta of an all-new database for mobile and embedded systems.&nbsp;</p>\n        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/archives/paper-investigating-log-management-crash-recovery-mechanism\" hreflang=\"und\">Paper investigating a log management &amp; crash recovery mechanism</a><p>This provides a link to a PDF of a paper by Taiwanese scholars.</p>        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/archives/yaffs-talk-pdf-slides-celf-2007\" hreflang=\"und\">Yaffs Talk - PDF of slides from CELF, 2007</a><p>Attached is a PDF with slides from the Yaffs talk at CELF\'s Embedded Linux Conference Europe 2007. If you are able to view Ogg Theora video files, the talk is also <a href=\"http://free-electrons.com/pub/video/2007/elce/elce-2007-wookey-yaffs.ogg\">online</a>. Ogg Theora is a Free video format. Free players are available for all platforms. See the list <a href=\"http://wiki.xiph.org/index.php/TheoraSoftwarePlayers\">here</a>. If in doubt, VLC is probably available for your operating system.</p><p>If you prefer to go straight to the .pdf if clides  click <a href=\"http://www.yaffs.net/sites/yaffs.net/files/yaffs.pdf\">http://www.yaffs.net/sites/yaffs.net/files/yaffs.pdf</a></p>        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\"><span class=\"file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before\"><span class=\"file-icon\"><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></span><span class=\"file-link\"><a href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/downloads/yaffs.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf; length=177635\" title=\"Open file in new window\" target=\"_blank\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-placement=\"bottom\">yaffs.pdf</a></span><span class=\"file-size\">173.47 KB</span></span>        </td>\n          </tr>\n    </tbody>\n</table>\n  </div>\n\n    </div>\n  \n          </div>\n</div>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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class=\"active\">\n                  Considerations in Choosing a Flash File System\n              </li>\n      </ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\"><span>Considerations in Choosing a Flash File System</span>\n</h1>\n\n  <article role=\"article\" about=\"/documents/considerations-choosing-flash-file-system\" class=\"paper is-promoted full clearfix\">\n\n  \n    \n\n      <footer>\n      \n      <div class=\"author\">\n        Submitted by <span><span lang=\"\" about=\"/user/laurie\" typeof=\"schema:Person\" property=\"schema:name\" datatype=\"\">Laurie</span></span>\n on <span>28 May, 2014 - 1:53pm</span>\n        \n      </div>\n    </footer>\n  \n  <div class=\"content\">\n    \n      <div class=\"field field--name-upload field--type-file field--label-hidden field--items\">\n              <div class=\"field--item\"><span class=\"file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before\"><span class=\"file-icon\"><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></span><span class=\"file-link\"><a href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/downloads/ConsiderationsInChoosingAFlashFileSystem_0.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf; length=131376\" title=\"Open file in new window\" target=\"_blank\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-placement=\"bottom\">ConsiderationsInChoosingAFlashFileSystem.pdf</a></span><span class=\"file-size\">128.3 KB</span></span></div>\n          </div>\n  \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p>We have been developing flash file system for embedded systems since 1995. During that time, we have gained a wealth of knowledge and experience.</p>\n<p>This document outlines some of the major issues that must be considered when selecting a Flash File system for embedded use. It also explains how using the Yaffs File System increases reliability, reduces risk and saves money.</p>\n<h1 class=\"western\" style=\"page-break-before: always\">Introduction</h1>\n<p>As embedded system complexity increases and flash storage prices decrease, we see more use of embedded file systems to store data, and so data corruption and loss has become an important cause of system failure.</p>\n<p>When Aleph One began the development of Yaffs in late 2001, we built on experience in flash file system design since 1995. This experience helped to identify the key factors in making Yaffs a fast and robust flash file system now being widely used around the world.</p>\n<p>Although it was originally developed for Linux, Yaffs was designed to be highly portable. This has allowed Yaffs to be ported to many different OSs (including Linux, BSD, Windows CE) and numerous RTOSs (including VxWorks, eCos and pSOS).</p>\n<p>Yaffs is written in fully portable C code and has been used on many different CPU architectures – both little- and big-endian. These include ARM, x86 and PowerPC, soft cores such as NIOS and Microblaze and even various DSP architectures.</p>\n<p>We believe that the Yaffs code base has been used on more OS types and more CPU types than any other file system code base.</p>\n<p>Since its introduction, Yaffs has been used in hundreds of different products and hundreds of millions of different devices in widely diverse application areas from mining to aerospace and everything in between.</p>\n<p>Specific examples include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>communications (two-way radios and infrastructure, mobile phones, cell towers, modems, routers...)</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>retail (point of sale, inventory control...)</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>entertaiment (video cameras, TV sets, DVD players, set-top boxes...)</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>sewing machines and office copiers</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>industrial equipment (PLCs, machinery control...)</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>construction/surveying equipment (theodolites, machinery control...)</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>avionics and satellite equipment</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>transport (bus, train and traffic-signal management/information systems...)</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>and many more.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p><i><b>You may be using Yaffs every day without even realising it.</b></i></p>\n<p><i><b>We have a gratifying number of repeat customers for licences.</b></i></p>\n<h1 class=\"western\"><br />\n<br />\n</h1>\n<h1 class=\"western\" style=\"page-break-before: always\">Do Embedded Systems have different file system needs?</h1>\n<p>To answer this question, we really have to start by asking a slightly different question:</p>\n<p><i>How are embedded systems different than regular computers?</i></p>\n<p style=\"font-style: normal\">When a customer buys a regular computer system, they go shopping for a computer. They talk to the salesperson about Gigabytes, Megahertz and operating systems. They treat it as a computer and expect it to behave like a computer (including shutting it down properly and occasionally having file system problems or needing upgrades).</p>\n<p style=\"font-style: normal\">When they buy a fancy sewing machine, it probably has an embedded file system controlling it. The customer went shopping for a sewing machine and bought a computer that they don\'t even know about. They don\'t treat it like a computer, but like a sewing machine; they certainly do not expect it to have file system problems.</p>\n<h4 class=\"western\">How people treat computers differently from embedded systems</h4>\n<table cellpadding=\"4\" style=\"page-break-inside: avoid; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<col width=\"85*\" /> <col width=\"85*\" /> <col width=\"85*\" />\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><b>Issue</b></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.1cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><b>Computer</b></span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><b>Embedded system</b></span></p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Shut down</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">User expects to do a clean shut down.</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">User just unplugs device.</span></p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Reinstalling software</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Users expect to have to deal with corruption and reinstall software occasionally.</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Users do not expect to deal with upgrades or data loss or corruption.</span></p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%; height: 11px;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Software Upgrade Failure</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Annoying</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Can be devastating</span></p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Attitude to data loss</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Annoying, but expected</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">System has failed.</span></p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Cost of failure</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Relatively minor</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Can shut down factory or even cause injury/death.</span></p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Delayed boot due to file system recovery</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Annoying, but expected.</span></p>\n  </td>\n <td style=\"border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; width: 33%;\">\n <p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">This is as bad as a failure.</span></p>\n  </td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n<p style=\"font-style: normal\"><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>So people have different attitudes to computers and embedded systems. As a result, embedded systems need to be designed differently from computers. That is particularly important with reliability issues.</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.01cm\"><i><b>Data corruption is a leading cause of embedded system failure, </b></i> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.01cm\"><i><b>product returns and warranty costs.</b></i> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.01cm\"><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>The differences outlined above show some of the reasons why embedded systems must perform differently to regular computers, particularly in the way data storage is handled. These examples allow us to identify some very important product-level criteria for embedded file systems:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>High resilience against data corruption, particularly in the event of power loss.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Prompt file system recovery after power loss - no excessive time penalty</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Simple data integrity model to ensure data is not compromised.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>Of course we also want the embedded file system to have some other very useful features:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>High read/write performance with low latency.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Familiar programming models to facilitate development.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Proven track record to reduce risk.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Full source code access to aid development.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Portability to provide a future-proof solution for new products.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p><i><b>Selecting an appropriate file system is crucial to product success.</b></i></p>\n<h1 class=\"western\" style=\"page-break-before: always\">Why does power failure corrupt data?</h1>\n<p>Most power fail data loss in a File System is caused through two mechanisms:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Corruption of allocation tables </p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Loss of cached data that was not yet written to the flash.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<h2 class=\"western\">Corruption of allocation tables and similar structures.</h2>\n<p>Most file systems have allocation tables, bitmaps or similar structures which hold pointers showing which parts of the file storage medium are being used and which parts of which file are stored there. These tables are critical to looking up files and data in the file system. If they are corrupted, then files and data become corrupted. In the most dramatic cases, table corruption can destroy the whole system. </p>\n<p>Some file systems make these tables more robust by keeping two copies, or by using journaling (which keeps a short log of changes, allowing the tables to be fixed up if the table changing gets interrupted) but this causes extra writes to the media, making the file system slower.</p>\n<p>These tables are typically updated many times during writing any file, so there are multiple opportunities for the tables to be corrupted or left in an inconsistent state due to a power loss.</p>\n<p>If power is interrupted at a critical point, then some restoration (such as Microsoft chkdsk or booting in <span style=\"font-style: normal\">safe mode</span>) is often required to try to restore the tables. This may be automatic, but then system start-up is delayed.</p>\n<p>Yaffs is very different; it is a log structured file system which writes tagged data to the flash, and does not store allocation tables or such.</p>\n<p><i><b>If it isn\'t even stored, it can\'t be corrupted!</b></i></p>\n<p>This has three dramatic effects:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Yaffs has no tables, so is immune to these failure modes.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>There are no extra tables to be written, so Yaffs does not have to resort to caching to achieve good performance.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>Fewer flash writes means less flash wear, improving product life and reducing power consumption.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>When a Yaffs file system is booted, the normal boot up sequence takes care of building up system state. There is thus no need for any special restoration code to be run. A boot up after a power failure is not a special recovery condition, it is just a normal boot up.</p>\n<p><i><b>Yaffs does not have, or need, special recovery handling.</b></i></p>\n<h2 class=\"western\" style=\"page-break-after: avoid\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;\"><i><b>Trade-off in cached data</b></i></span></h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">File systems tend to be inefficient in the way they write data. Writing just one file requires many changes to the allocation tables; writing many files requires far more changes, often to those same tables. By delaying those writes and holding data in RAM briefly the file system can do fewer writes to achieve the same set of changes. This can improve write speed, at a price.</span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Data which has not been written but just cached in RAM is vulnerable while it is there; it can all be lost if power fails, even including some that the FS had apparently written already.</span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Most file systems support functions to reduce this inefficiency and force the cache to be written out, but this may take many seconds, leaving a significant period of vulnerability, and delaying system operations. Excessive use of these functions to improve reliability will typically impair write performance.</span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">A particularly serious example of critical data loss can occur if power or communication fails during a firmware upgrade. Such a failure cripples the product, which must be returned for servicing. Yaffs has caching policies and data integrity models which make it easier to avoid this kind of fatal failure, and which have been tested very extensively. </span></span> </p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">Since Yaffs is inherently faster and simpler, it does not need deep caching. The Yaffs cache is small and used only for data alignment purposes and improving the throughput of very small reads and writes. Yaffs files are always flushed from the cache when they are closed. Yaffs also provides its own cache-flushing functions, but these are very fast because the cache is small.</span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><i><b>By the time Yaffs closes a file, all the data is guaranteed to be safe on the flash.</b></i></span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\">This simple caching policy makes it very easy for programmers to write software that is robust against power loss and avoids obscure failure modes. The simplicity confers more reliable operation, faster product development and huge savings in development and maintenance costs.</span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; font-size: small; font-size: small;\"><i><b>Reliable file systems pay for themselves many times over.</b></i></span></span></p>\n<h1 class=\"western\" style=\"page-break-before: always\">Product risk reduction</h1>\n<p>At first glance, a file system seems like it should be a simple body of code: just a few functions that read, write data and look things up by name. However, the reality is much more complex than that.</p>\n<p>One of the most challenging aspects of file systems is that errors are stored and incremental. Unlike most software errors which can be cleared by a reset, storage errors are persistent.</p>\n<p><i><b>A reboot will typically not fix file-system errors.</b></i></p>\n<p>Customers might tolerate a product that needs to be reset once in a while, but file system failures are often fatal. As a result, file system issues can be very damaging to long-term product reliability.</p>\n<p>This is further complicated by flash memory. NAND flash is the only type of semiconductor hardware which leaves the factory with known variable errors, expecting the file system software to handle the problems.</p>\n<p>Flash, NAND in particular, has its own failure modes and these are best handled by a file system specifically designed for NAND.</p>\n<p><i><b>Yaffs was specifically designed to use with NAND and NOR flash chips.</b></i></p>\n<p>Flash memory chip errors may only show up after the product has been used a while, or in a fraction of the flash parts. Typical testing during development (e.g. bench testing) will often fail to expose all types of flash chip error, and others will only be exposed during pilot- or early-production. These put release dates at risk, which can cause huge revenue losses.</p>\n<p>We have a few clients who only determined that they had file system issues when they did a pilot run. That prompted them to try Yaffs and get their products shipping. While we are glad they ended up with a good product, unfortunately they lost revenue and customer goodwill.</p>\n<p><i><b>Finding problems late in development creates business risk.</b></i></p>\n<p>It is thus not surprising that much of our business is repeat business. </p>\n<h1 class=\"western\" style=\"page-break-before: always\">Yaffs testing</h1>\n<p>Testing on its own does not create good software but it does help to verify that the software is working correctly.</p>\n<p>Yaffs has many automated tests that are run on a regular basis. Automated tests allow the testing to be run without human intervention, thus allowing more testing to be done.</p>\n<p>The tests are too numerous to discuss completely (see the Further Information below). W<span style=\"font-weight: normal\">e</span> highlight one: the power-fail stress test.</p>\n<p>The power-fail stress test is a test harness that uses software simulations of flash devices and some software and scripts to simulate the effects of removing power from a Yaffs-based system <span style=\"font-weight: normal\">while it is writing</span> to flash. This test is normally run for 100,0000 to 1 million power-fail simulation cycles, taking many days.</p>\n<p>This particular test suite was originally developed in 2008 during the development of some new features. The tests are very rigorous. In the beginning, this test suite would find a problem after less than 100 power fail iterations. As we identified and fixed the bugs, this number crept up and we now run millions of cycles without seeing a single problem.</p>\n<p><i><b>Yaffs survives millions of power failures in simulation test benches.</b></i></p>\n<p>In addition, many of our clients have also run hardware power failure tests, using a relay and a micro-controller to kill power to the device under test. They have been very satisfied with the results.</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0; page-break-before: auto\"><br />\n</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; font-size: large; font-size: large;\"><b>Licensing</b></span></p>\n<p>Yaffs is available under GNU Public License V2, GPL2, from our git repository at <a href=\"http://www.yaffs.net/\">www.yaffs.net</a>. You may use that code for testing free of charge and for as long as you want.</p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: normal\"><i>You will be using it under the conditions of GPL2 with the obligation to release your associated source code when you start to sell or distribute a product.</i></p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: normal\"><i>We can then sell you a Licence to use Yaffs which removes that obligation and protects your intellectual property.</i></p>\n<p><i><b>With Yaffs you can try before you buy!</b></i></p>\n<h1 class=\"western\">Conclusions</h1>\n<p>Selecting a robust flash file system is key to :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>building a successful product.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>reducing risk, warranty costs and liability.</p>\n </li>\n<li>\n<p>reducing development costs.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p><i><b>Yaffs has proven itself and can pay for itself many times over.</b></i></p>\n<h1 class=\"western\">Further information</h1>\n<p>This document is intentionally brief. There are many documents at <a href=\"http://www.yaffs.net/\">http://www.yaffs.net</a> for those that want more information, including:</p>\n<p><b>How Yaffs Works:</b> detailed description of internal design.</p>\n<p><b>Yaffs Robustness and Testing:</b> how we know Yaffs handles various flash failure scenarios.</p>\n<p><br />\n<br />\n</p>\n<p>For further information please contact <a href=\"denied:mailto:info@yaffs.net\">info@yaffs.net</a> or access <a href=\"http://www.yaffs.net/\">http://www.yaffs.net</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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open-source file system specifically designed to be fast, robust and suitable for embedded use with NAND and NOR Flash. It is widely used with Linux, RTOSs, or no OS at all, in consumer devices and critical infrastructure. It is available under GNU Public License, GPL, or on commercial terms from Aleph One.\" />\n<meta name=\"abstract\" content=\"Yaffs (Yet Another Flash File System) is an open-source file system specifically designed to be fast, robust and suitable for embedded use with NAND and NOR Flash. It is widely used with Linux, RTOSs, or no OS at all, in consumer devices and critical infrastructure. 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Detail | Yaffs - A Flash File System for embedded use</title>\n    <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/sites/default/files/css/css_Ft-hGawuooABKJanSezg8PXovgOMbB_QLx9CIyXeHsA.css?ozekku\" media=\"all\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/sites/default/files/css/css_6qeLA6GBkZNPHWp9GdQIYovV3tYuKU-ts-HicZ-WeQQ.css?ozekku\" media=\"all\" />\n\n    \n<!--[if lte IE 8]>\n<script src=\"/sites/default/files/js/js_VtafjXmRvoUgAzqzYTA3Wrjkx9wcWhjP0G4ZnnqRamA.js\"></script>\n<![endif]-->\n\n  </head>\n  <body class=\"fontyourface path-documents navbar-is-fixed-top has-glyphicons\">\n    <a href=\"#main-content\" class=\"visually-hidden focusable skip-link\">\n      Skip to main content\n    </a>\n    <div style=\"background-color: ; color: \" id=\"environment-indicator\">\n  \n    </div>\n\n              <header class=\"navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top\" id=\"navbar\" role=\"banner\">\n              <div class=\"container\">\n            <div class=\"navbar-header\">\n          <div class=\"region region-navigation\">\n          <a class=\"logo navbar-btn pull-left\" href=\"/\" title=\"Home\" rel=\"home\">\n      <img src=\"/themes/custom/yaffs/logo.svg\" alt=\"Home\" />\n    </a>\n      \n  </div>\n\n                          <button type=\"button\" class=\"navbar-toggle\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#navbar-collapse\">\n            <span class=\"sr-only\">Toggle navigation</span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n            <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n          </button>\n              </div>\n\n                    <div id=\"navbar-collapse\" class=\"navbar-collapse collapse\">\n            <div class=\"region region-navigation-collapsible\">\n    <nav role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\" id=\"block-mainnavigation\">\n            <h2 class=\"sr-only\" id=\"block-mainnavigation-menu\">Main navigation</h2>\n\n      \n              <ul class=\"menu nav navbar-nav\">\n                            <li>\n        <a href=\"/\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"&lt;front&gt;\">Home</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/support\" title=\"Help for Yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/380\">Support</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/documents\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents\">Documents</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/get-yaffs\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/382\">Download</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/about-us\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/325\">About us</a>\n                  </li>\n                        <li>\n        <a href=\"/contact\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"node/73\">Contact</a>\n                  </li>\n        </ul>\n  \n\n\n  </nav>\n<div class=\"search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block\" data-drupal-selector=\"search-block-form\" id=\"block-searchform\" role=\"search\">\n  \n    \n      <form action=\"/search/node\" method=\"get\" id=\"search-block-form\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <div class=\"form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group\">\n      <label for=\"edit-keys\" class=\"control-label sr-only\">Search</label>\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"input-group\"><input title=\"Enter the terms you wish to search for.\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-keys\" class=\"form-search form-control\" placeholder=\"Search\" type=\"search\" id=\"edit-keys\" name=\"keys\" value=\"\" size=\"15\" maxlength=\"128\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" /><span class=\"input-group-btn\"><button type=\"submit\" value=\"Search\" class=\"button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only\" name=\"\"><span class=\"sr-only\">Search</span><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-search\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></button></span></div>\n\n  \n  \n  </div>\n<div class=\"form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper\" data-drupal-selector=\"edit-actions\" id=\"edit-actions\"></div>\n\n</form>\n\n  </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n        </div>\n                    </div>\n          </header>\n  \n  <div role=\"main\" class=\"main-container container js-quickedit-main-content\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n\n            \n            \n                  <section class=\"col-sm-12\">\n\n                                      <div class=\"highlighted\">  <div class=\"region region-highlighted\">\n        <ol class=\"breadcrumb\">\n          <li >\n                  <a href=\"/documents\">Documents</a>\n              </li>\n          <li  class=\"active\">\n                  Documents - Detail\n              </li>\n      </ol>\n\n\n\n  </div>\n</div>\n                  \n                \n                \n                                      \n                  \n                          <a id=\"main-content\"></a>\n            <div class=\"region region-content\">\n        <h1 class=\"page-header\">Documents - Detail</h1>\n\n      <nav class=\"tabs\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Tabs\">\n        <h2 class=\"visually-hidden\">Primary tabs</h2>\n  <ul class=\"tabs--primary nav nav-tabs\"><li><a href=\"/documents\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents\">Main</a></li>\n<li class=\"active\"><a href=\"/documents/detail\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/detail\" class=\"is-active\">Detail<span class=\"visually-hidden\">(active tab)</span></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/documents/technical\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/technical\">Technical</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/documents/archive\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/archive\">Archive</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/documents/video\" data-drupal-link-system-path=\"documents/video\">Video</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n    </nav>\n    <div class=\"views-element-container form-group\"><div class=\"view view-yaffs-documents view-id-yaffs_documents view-display-id-page_2 js-view-dom-id-25f6aee311f54165ace887a5353b5396dc1032bb498cbd1674f11ba637a1f99b\">\n  \n    \n      \n      <div class=\"view-content\">\n        <div class=\"table-responsive\">\n<table class=\"table table-hover\">\n        <thead>\n    <tr>\n                                      <th class=\"views-field views-field-title\" scope=\"col\"></th>\n                                      <th id=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\" scope=\"col\">Content</th>\n                                      <th class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" id=\"view-upload-table-column\" scope=\"col\">PDF/Attachment</th>\n          </tr>\n    </thead>\n    <tbody>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/yaffs-2-specification\" hreflang=\"und\">Yaffs 2 Specification</a>\n<p>The initial specification for Yaffs version 2. Describes the development of Yaffs to deal with next-generation NAND chips which have larger (2Kb) pages and don\'t allow page rewrites. This newer design is be significantly faster (write: 1.5x-5x, delete: 4x, garbage collection: 2x) and has 25-50% lower RAM footfrint.</p>\n        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/internal-history-yaffs\" hreflang=\"und\">The Internal History of YAFFS</a>A brief look into the history of YAFFS through a look at the the internals.        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/comparison-between-yaffs-yaffs2-and-jffs2\" hreflang=\"und\">Comparison between Yaffs (Yaffs2) and JFFS2</a>If you are trying to decide between Yaffs and JFFS2 then this note will give you an idea of the relative advantages of each.        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/yaffs-porting-guide\" hreflang=\"und\">Yaffs Porting Guide</a>The purpose of this document is to describe how to bring up Yaffs2 on a board previously unsupported using the Yaffs Direct Interface, with an example using eCos on a Balloon board.        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\">        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/documents/yaffs-robustness-and-testing\" hreflang=\"und\">YAFFS Robustness and Testing</a>\n<p>This document describes some of the important design criteria and design features used to achieve a robust design suitable for modern embedded systems which need to store critical data.&nbsp; The test methodologies are also described.</p>\n        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\"><span class=\"file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before\"><span class=\"file-icon\"><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></span><span class=\"file-link\"><a href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/downloads/YaffsRobustnessAndTesting.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf; length=143414\" title=\"Open file in new window\" target=\"_blank\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-placement=\"bottom\">YaffsRobustnessAndTesting.pdf</a></span><span class=\"file-size\">140.05 KB</span></span>        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/running-yaffs-direct-tests\" hreflang=\"und\">Running Yaffs Direct Tests</a>\n<p>This provides a outline to the various tests that are incorporated into Yaffs Direct. Most of these tests were written as debug tools to test error response by various Yaffs functions. These and others can be used to check if Yaffs is working properly.</p>\n        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\"><span class=\"file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before\"><span class=\"file-icon\"><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></span><span class=\"file-link\"><a href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/downloads/YaffsDirectTests.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf; length=53457\" title=\"Open file in new window\" target=\"_blank\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-placement=\"bottom\">YaffsDirectTests.pdf</a></span><span class=\"file-size\">52.2 KB</span></span>        </td>\n          </tr>\n      <tr>\n                                                                                            <td class=\"views-field views-field-title views-field-body\"><a href=\"/documents/yaffs-nand-flash-failure-mitigation\" hreflang=\"und\">Yaffs NAND flash failure mitigation</a>NAND flash is one of very few types of electronic device which are knowingly shipped with errors and are expected to generate further errors without causing system failure. This document describes the most important failure modes and how they may be addressed in software.        </td>\n                                                                      <td headers=\"view-draggableviews-table-column\" class=\"views-field views-field-draggableviews\">        </td>\n                                                                      <td class=\"priority-low views-field views-field-upload\" headers=\"view-upload-table-column\"><span class=\"file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before\"><span class=\"file-icon\"><span class=\"icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span></span><span class=\"file-link\"><a href=\"https://yaffs.net/sites/default/files/downloads/YaffsNandFailureMitigation.pdf\" type=\"application/pdf; length=235109\" title=\"Open file in new window\" target=\"_blank\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-placement=\"bottom\">YaffsNandFailureMitigation.pdf</a></span><span class=\"file-size\">229.6 KB</span></span>        </td>\n          </tr>\n    </tbody>\n</table>\n  </div>\n\n    </div>\n  \n          </div>\n</div>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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it has been used with many different OSs, including Linux, eCos, Windows CE, ThreadX, pSOS and vXworks. It is POSIX-compliant, so commands in an application calling POSIX functions will usually work.</p>\n\n<p>Windows CE uses the Microsoft file handling model and is not POSIX-like. The difference is handled in the Windows CE wrapper.  Contact us for more information.</p>\n\n<p>Work on closer integration of Yaffs into the Linux kernel started in 2010 and the goal is to have Yaffs merged into the mainline Linux kernel.</p>\n\n<p>The Yaffs Direct Interface, YDI, is the heart of Yaffs and usually stands between the Application, on one side, and the Flash chips, and any OS, on the other side:-</p>\n\n<h3><em>What CPU can you use with Yaffs?</em></h3>\n\n<p>Yaffs has been used with many 32-bit and 64-bit CPUs including MIPS, 68000, ColdFire, PowerPC, x86 variants and many ARM-cored CPUs. It should work with 16-bit CPUs but has not been tested.</p>\n\n<h3><em>Does Yaffs care Which-Endian the CPU is?</em></h3>\n\n<p>No, Yaffs works with Big-Endian and Little-Endian CPUs</p>\n\n<h3><em>How big can the whole file system be, and how big can individual files be?</em></h3>\n\n<p>Yaffs2, which is now standard, can handle a File System (FS) of many Gigabytes total storage; some people are using it with 6GB satisfactorily. <em>Individual</em> files are currently limited to 2GB. The basic Yaffs architecture can handle larger single files and some changes would be required to support individual files greater than 2G bytes. There is an upper limit of around 32GB with the present 2k bytes granularity of \'chunks\' or page size, and the limit of about 16 million chunks per file.</p>\n\n<p>A coarser granularity of larger chunks can probably be obtained, with knock-on effects in other parameters like RAM usage.</p>\n\n<h3><em>How many files can there be?</em></h3>\n\n<p>There is no hard limit. Available flash and RAM will limit this.</p>\n\n<h3><em>What about directories etc?</em></h3>\n\n<p>Yaffs supports many different objects including: directories, regular files, hard links, symbolic links and device nodes.</p>\n\n<p>Yaffs supports long file names, attributes, extended attributes and Unicode.</p>\n\n<h3><em>How much RAM does it need?</em></h3>\n\n<p>This depends particularly on the number of tnodes, which in turn depends on the file size, and is therefore a dynamic variable.</p>\n\n<p>However, Yaffs compares favourably with other similar systems specialised for Flash, and includes robust error handling.</p>\n\n<h4><em>How are errors handled?</em></h4>\n\n<p>Error Correction Code (ECC) is used to correct for single-bit errors.</p>\n\n<p>ECC may use built-in code or that provided from other sources (flash controllers, ECC libraries etc).</p>\n\n<p>Yaffs is frequently tested on a \"fuzzer\" test harness. This randomly corrupts bits of the file system image to check that the file system still mounts and loads correctly.</p>\n\n<h3><em>What about Multi-level cell (MLC) chips?</em></h3>\n\n<p>Because a bit is represented by a smaller amount of charge in the MLC chip compared to a SLC chip, MLC chips are more prone to corruption than SLC.</p>\n\n<p>MLC also has various write restrictions, which are obeyed by Yaffs2.</p>\n\n<p>Yaffs2 has some features such as block refreshing to help alleviate the problems associated with MLC.</p>\n\n<p>MLC generally requires multi-bit ECC. Hardware ECC is preferred since it is faster and requires less computation than software multi-bit correction..</p>\n\n<h3><em>How robust is Yaffs ?</em></h3>\n\n<p>Yaffs is designed specifically to take account of manufacturing faults in, and of accumulated wear in, individual cells, and also to handle power failures during use.</p>\n\n<p>Yaffs allocates flash blocks in a way that gives statistical or implicit wear levelling; when a block is freed up it is released into a <em>free pool</em> and the next allocation comes from this <em>free pool. </em>This randomness tends to spread the blocks in use, giving some wear levelling, rather than one part of the file always being worked intensively.</p>\n\n<p>Accelerated lifetime testing has been carried out to seek evidence for excessive wear. For example on one professional PDA-style device used by surveyors in the field we determined that extreme lifetime usage would be:</p>\n\n<ul><li>20MB per day.</li>\n	<li>200 days per year</li>\n	<li>10 year lifetime</li>\n	<li>Total 40Gbytes lifetime write.</li>\n</ul><p>We then ran well over 200Gbytes of writing through a specially designed File System Exerciser, a multi-threaded application that writes, reads, verifies, then deletes, repeatedly. There was no sign of a single bit of corruption at the end of the test.</p>\n\n<p>Another test applied randomly timed power failures repeatedly while running test code. Millions of cycles have been executed without any errors being observed.</p>\n\n<p>Yaffs is used (under GPL) in the Android mobile phones sold by Google and others. Extensive use in the field like this helps to ensure its robustness.</p>\n\n<h3><em>How big is its code?</em></h3>\n\n<p>That depends on how much of it you need; it is modular in organisation. The innermost or core part is about 11k lines of code, the the Yaffs Direct Interface giving file handle access and a Posix-like interface is around 2k lines.</p>\n\n<h3>Glossary and useful links.</h3>\n\n<table><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><tr><td>\n			<p>Big-endian and Little-endian</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Big-endian is when the most significant data chunk is listed first. Little-endian is when the least significant data chunk is listed first.</p>\n\n			<p><em>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness</em></p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>tnodes</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Tnodes are yaffs data structures used to build trees that map from a file to the file data chunks stored in flash. A large file will have multiple data chunks scattered throughout the flash and will need a larger tnode tree.</p>\n\n			<p>See the HowYaffs Works document for more information.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>ECC</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Error correction codes, See the <em>Yaffs Error mitigation</em> document.</p>\n			</td>\n		</tr><tr><td>\n			<p>MLC</p>\n			</td>\n			<td>\n			<p>Multi-level cell, allows more than one bit state to be stored in a memory cell. MLC Flash often allows four state (ie. 2 bits) to be stored in one cell. <em>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-level_cell</em></p>\n\n			<p> </p>\n			</td>\n		</tr></table><p> </p></div>\n      \n  </div>\n\n</article>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n              </section>\n\n                </div>\n  </div>\n\n      <footer class=\"footer container\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n        <div class=\"primary_footer row\">\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col1\">\n    <section id=\"block-yaffs-block-6\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content6c2d4b45-4dba-4b2d-8b9f-76701bf27533 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<ul class=\"fa-ul\">\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-phone\"></i>+44 (0)1223 811679</li>\n<li><i class=\"fa-li fa fa-envelope\"></i><a href=\"denied:mailto:info@aleph1.co.uk?Subject=Website contact\" target=\"_top\">info@aleph1.co.uk</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n\n  </div>\n\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                \n            </div>\n            <div class=\"col-sm-3\">\n                  <div class=\"region region-footer-col4\">\n    <section id=\"block-footerlegal\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content78ab593d-35b6-4772-a141-30216e7fcbb2 clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-right\">&nbsp;<a href=\"/legal\">Legal &amp; Cookies</a></p>\n</div>\n      \n  </section>\n\n<section id=\"block-cookieinfo\" class=\"block block-block-content block-block-content4848c58d-90df-4819-81d8-0f9568eeeaac clearfix\">\n  \n    \n\n      \n            <div class=\"field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item\">\n<p class=\"text-align-justify\"><br />\nWe use <a href=\"/legal\">cookies on this site</a>. 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| Yaffs - A Flash File System for embedded use\";}}i:1;s:5:\"title\";}i:1;a:2:{i:0;a:2:{s:4:\"#tag\";s:4:\"meta\";s:11:\"#attributes\";a:2:{s:4:\"name\";s:13:\"news_keywords\";s:7:\"content\";s:17:\"Flash File System\";}}i:1;s:13:\"news_keywords\";}i:2;a:2:{i:0;a:2:{s:4:\"#tag\";s:4:\"meta\";s:11:\"#attributes\";a:2:{s:4:\"name\";s:11:\"description\";s:7:\"content\";s:46:\"Common questions about Yaffs technical issues.\";}}i:1;s:11:\"description\";}i:3;a:2:{i:0;a:2:{s:4:\"#tag\";s:4:\"meta\";s:11:\"#attributes\";a:2:{s:4:\"name\";s:8:\"abstract\";s:7:\"content\";s:352:\"Yaffs (Yet Another Flash File System) is an open-source file system specifically designed to be fast, robust and suitable for embedded use with NAND and NOR Flash. It is widely used with Linux, RTOSs, or no OS at all, in consumer devices and critical infrastructure. 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